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Brogliato - Nonsmooth Mechanics : Models, Dynamics and Control

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Brogliato Nonsmooth Mechanics : Models, Dynamics and Control
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Now in its third edition, this standard reference is a comprehensive treatment of nonsmooth mechanical systems refocused to give more prominence to control and modelling. It covers Lagrangian and Newton-Euler systems, detailing mathematical tools such as convex analysis and complementarity theory. The ways in which nonsmooth mechanics influence and are influenced by well-posedness analysis, numerical analysis and simulation, modelling and control are explained. Contact/impact laws, stability theory and trajectory-tracking control are given in-depth exposition connected by a framework formed from complementarity systems and measure-differential inclusions. Links are established with electrical circuits with set-valued nonsmooth elements and with other nonsmooth dynamical systems like impulsive and piecewise linear systems. Nonsmooth Mechanics (third edition) has been substantially rewritten, edited and updated to account for the significant body of results that have emerged in the twenty-first century--including developments in: the existence and uniqueness of solutions; impact models; extension of the Lagrange-Dirichlet theorem and trajectory tracking; and well-posedness of contact complementarity problems with and without friction. With its improved bibliography of over 1,300 references and wide-ranging coverage, Nonsmooth Mechanics (third edition) is sure to be an invaluable resource for researchers and postgraduates studying the control of mechanical systems, robotics, granular matter and relevant fields of applied mathematics. The books two best features, in my view are its detailed survey of the literature ... and its detailed presentation of many examples illustrating both the techniques and their limitations ... For readers interested in the field, this book will serve as an excellent introductory survey. Andrew Lewis in Automatica It is written with clarity, contains the latest research results in the area of impact problems for rigid bodies and is recommended for both applied mathematicians and engineers. Panagiotis D. Panagiotopoulos in Mathematical Reviews The presentation is excellent in combining rigorous mathematics with a great number of examples ... allowing the reader to understand the basic concepts. Hans Troger in Mathematical Abstracts. Read more...

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Bernard Brogliato Nonsmooth Mechanics Communications and Control Engineering 10.1007/978-3-319-28664-8_1
1. Impulsive Dynamics and Measure Differential Equations
Bernard Brogliato 1
(1)
INRIA Rhne-Alpes, Saint-Ismier, France
Bernard Brogliato
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This chapter is devoted to introducing the mathematical basis on which various evolution problems involving impulsive terms rely. Impulsive forces in mechanics are first presented disregarding what they may be produced by. It is shown on simple examples why impulsive mechanics involves only measures (Dirac functions), and no distribution of higher degree (derivatives of the Dirac function). Various classes of measure differential equations (MDEs), or impulsive systems, are introduced. Then unilaterally constrained dynamical systems are presented, and the differences with the foregoing MDEs are discussed. Variable changes that allow one to transform MDEs into Carathodory ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or unilaterally constrained mechanical systems into Filippovs differential inclusions, are described in the last section.
1.1 Impulsive Forces
Let us introduce the impacts as purely exogenous actions on a mechanical system, without considering the way by which they may be produced. In other words, we consider impulsive forces (which we may name also exogenous impacts or external percussions). Simply speaking, an impact between two bodies (not necessarily rigid) is a phenomenon of very short duration that implies a sudden change in the bodies dynamics (fast velocity variation). Impacts are treated usually as very large forces acting during an infinitely short time, i.e., if Picture 1 represents the collision duration and Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 2 represents the force during the collision ( Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 3 may be viewed as a time function whose support is Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 4 , i.e., Picture 5 is zero outside K ), then the force impulse due to the impact at time is 11 In order for the right-hand side of - photo 6 due to the impact at time is 11 In order for the right-hand side of but this is the only - photo 7 is:
11 In order for the right-hand side of but this is the only formulation - photo 8
(1.1)
In order for the right-hand side of (), but this is the only formulation of such a phenomenon that is mathematically correct: Analogy between mathematical and physical distributions has not to be shown: mathematical distributions provide a correct mathematical definition of distributions encountered in physics , [1081, Chap. 1, p. 84].
One of the main consequences of such an approach is that the impulsive forces imply a discontinuity in the velocity while positions remain continuous. This can be understood from simple examples.
Fig 11 Mass submitted to an impulsive force Example 11 Assume that a - photo 9
Fig. 1.1
Mass submitted to an impulsive force
Example 1.1
Assume that a mass m moving on a line, with gravity center coordinate x (the system is depicted in Fig. ), is submitted to an impulsive force of magnitude Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 10 at the instant Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 11 . The dynamical equation is given by:
Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 12
(1.2)
which is to be understood as an equality of distributions. Assume now that x and Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 13 possess (possibly zero) respective jumps Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 14 and Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 15 at Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 16 , where Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 17 , Nonsmooth Mechanics Models Dynamics and Control - image 18 . In the following we shall prove that Picture 19 whereas if is not zero then neither is We have 13 where - photo 20 is not zero, then neither is We have 13 where represents the derivative of - photo 21 . We have:
13 where represents the derivative of calculated ignoring the points of - photo 22
(1.3)
where Picture 23 represents the derivative of Picture 24 calculated ignoring the points of discontinuity of Picture 25 , and which is not defined at the points of discontinuity [1082, Chap. 2, Sect. 3]. For instance, the distributional derivative of the heavyside function Picture 26 for for is The notation Dh instead of - photo 27 , for is The notation Dh instead of is generally - photo 28 for is The notation Dh instead of is generally used to denote the - photo 29 is The notation Dh instead of is generally used to denote the distributional - photo 30 . The notation Dh instead of is generally used to denote the distributional derivative of a function h - photo 31
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