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Ashwin Pajankar - Raspberry Pi Supercomputing and Scientific Programming: MPI4PY, NumPy, and SciPy for Enthusiasts

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Raspberry Pi Supercomputing and Scientific Programming: MPI4PY, NumPy, and SciPy for Enthusiasts
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Ashwin Pajankar
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Apress
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2017
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Build an inexpensive cluster of multiple Raspberry Pi computers and install all the required libraries to write parallel and scientific programs in Python 3. This book covers setting up your Raspberry Pis, installing the necessary software, and making a cluster of multiple Pis.
Once the cluster is built, its power has to be exploited by means of programs to run on it. So, Raspberry Pi Supercomputing and Scientific Programming teaches you to code the cluster with the MPI4PY library of Python 3. Along the way, you will learn the concepts of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standards and will explore the fundamentals of parallel programming on your inexpensive cluster. This will make this book a great starting point for supercomputing enthusiasts who want to get started with parallel programming.
The book finishes with details of symbolic mathematics and scientific and numerical programming in Python, using SymPi, SciPy, NumPy, and Matplotlib. Youll see how to process signals and images, carry out calculations using linear algebra, and visualize your results, all using Python code. With the power of a Raspberry Pi supercomputer at your fingertips, data-intensive scientific programming becomes a reality at home.
What You Will Learn
Discover the essentials of supercomputing
Build a low-cost cluster of Raspberry Pis at home
Harness the power of parallel programming and the Message Passing Interface (MPI)
Use your Raspberry Pi for symbolic, numerical, and scientific programming
Who This Book Is For
Python 3 developers who seek the knowledge of parallel programming, Raspberry Pi enthusiasts, researchers, and the scientific Python community.

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Ashwin Pajankar 2017

Ashwin Pajankar Raspberry Pi Supercomputing and Scientific Programming 10.1007/978-1-4842-2878-4_1

1. Introduction to Single Board Computers and Raspberry Pi

Ashwin Pajankar 1

(1)

Nashik, Maharashtra, India

We will start our exciting journey of exploration into the scientific domain of supercomputing and scientific programming with Raspberry Pi . But for us to begin the journey, we must be comfortable with the basics of the single board computers and Raspberry Pi. In this chapter, we will study the definition, history, and philosophy behind single board computers. We will first compare it with a regular computer. We will then move on to the most popular and best-selling single board computer of all time, the Raspberry Pi. By the end of this chapter, readers will have adequate knowledge to set up their own Raspberry Pi independently. This chapter aims to make the readers comfortable with the very basic concepts of single board computers and the setup of the Raspberry Pi.

Single Board Computers (SBCs)

A single board computer (which will be referred to as SBCs from henceforth throughout the entire book) is a fully functional computer system built around a single printed circuit board. An SBC has microprocessor(s), memory, input/output, and other features required of a minimal functional computer . Unlike a desktop personal computer (PC), most of the SBCs do not have expansion slots for peripheral functions or expansion. As all the components such as processor(s), RAM, GPU, etc., are integrated on a single PCB, we cannot upgrade an SBC.

Few SBCs are made to plug into a backplane for system expansion. SBCs come in many varieties, sizes, shapes, form factors, and sets of features. Due to the advances in electronics and semiconductor technologies, prices of most SBCs are very low. One of the most important features of SBCs is cost effectiveness. With a price around $50 apiece, we have in our hands a development tool suitable for new applications, hacking, debugging, testing, hardware development, and automation systems.

SBCs are usually manufactured in the following form factors :

Pico-ITX
PXI
Qseven
VMEbus
VPX
VXI
AdvancedTCA
CompactPCI
Embedded Compact Extended (ECX)
Mini-ITX
PC/104
PICMG

Differences Between SBCs and Regular Computers

The following is a table (Table ) of the differences between SBCs and regular computers .

Table 1-1.

Differences Between SBCs and Regular Computers

Single Board Computer	Regular Computer
It is not modular.	It is modular.
Its components cannot be upgraded or replaced.	Its components can be upgraded or replaced.
Its a System-On-Chip.	Its not a System-On-Chip.
It has small form factor.	It has large form factor.
It is portable.	It is mostly non-portable or semi-portable.
It consumes less power.	It consumes more power.
It is cheaper than a regular computer.	It is costlier than an SBC .

System on Chip

All the SBCs are predominantly SoCs. A system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit (IC) that has all the components of a computer on a single chip. SoCs are very common in mobile electronic devices because of their low power consumption and versatility. SoCs are widely used in mobile phones, SBCs, and embedded hardware. A SoC has all the hardware and the software needed for its operation.

SoC vs. Regular CPU

The biggest advantage of using a SoC is its size. If we use a CPU, its very hard to make a compact computer, only because of the sheer number of individual chips and other components that we need to arrange on a board. However, using SoCs, we can place complete application-specific computing systems in smartphones and tablets, and still have plenty of space for batteries, antennae, and other add-ons required for remote telephony and data communication.

Due to the very high level of integration and compact size, a SoC uses considerably less power than a regular CPU. This is a significant advantage of SoCs when it comes to mobile and portable systems. Also, reducing the number of chips by eliminating redundant ICs on a computer board results in the compact board size.

History of SBCs

Dyna-Micro was the first true SBC. It was based on the Intel C8080A and used Intels first EPROM, the C1702A. The dyna-micro was re-branded and marketed by E&L Instruments of Derby, CT in 1976 as the MMD-1 (Mini-Micro Designer 1). It became famous as the leading example of microcomputers. SBCs were very popular in the earlier days of computing, as many home computers were actually SBCs. However, with the rise of PCs, the popularity of SBCs declined. Since 2010, there has been a resurgence in the popularity of SBCs due to lower production costs associated with SBCs.

Apart from the MMD-1, a few popular historical SBCs are the following:

BBC Micro was built around a MOS Technology 6502A processor running at 2 MHz.
Ferguson Big Board II was a Zilog Z80 based computer running at 4MHz.
Nascom was another Zilog Z80 based computer.

Popular SBC Families

Based on manufacturers and designers, SBCs are grouped into families, models, and generations. A few popular SBC families are

Raspberry Pi by Raspberry Pi Foundation
Banana Pi and Banana Pro
Intel Edison and Galileo
Cubieboard
Beaglebone and Beagleboard

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a family of credit card-sized SBCs developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi Foundation was founded in 2009. The aim behind developing Raspberry Pi is to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries by providing a low-cost computing platform .

The Raspberry Pi Foundations Raspberry Pi was released in 2012. It was a massive hit which sold over two million units in two years. Subsequently, the Raspberry Pi Foundation revised versions of the Raspberry Pi. They also released other accessories for the Pi.

You can find more information about the Raspberry Pi Foundation on the Raspberry Pi Foundations website ( www.raspberrypi.org ).

The product page for Raspberry Pis current production models and other accessories is www.raspberrypi.org/products .

I have written, executed, and tested all the code examples of this book on Raspberry Pi Models B+, 2B, and 3B. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B (also known as 3B) is the most recent model of Raspberry Pi. Let us look at the specifications (Refer Table ) of Raspberry Pi 3 Model B.

Table 1-2.

Specifications of Raspberry Pi 3 Model B

Release Date	February 2016
Architecture	ARMv8
SoC Broadcom	BCM2837

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