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Raspberry Pi for Arduino Users: Building IoT and Network Applications and Devices
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James Strickland
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Apress
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Year:
2018
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Leverage your Arduino skills in the Raspberry Pi world and see how to cross the two platforms into sophisticated programs.

The Arduino and Raspberry Pi communities overlap more than you might think. Arduinos can be expanded to have network capabilities with a variety of shields, all of which increase the cost and complexity of the system. By contrast, Raspberry Pis all run Linux, which is a very network-competent platform. The newest Pi, the Raspberry Pi Zero W, is WiFi and Bluetooth capable, and costs around $10 U.S. For network enabled gadgets, it makes far more sense to cross to the Raspberry PI platform, if only someone would make it easy to do. Thats what this book is about.

Youll learn some survival level Linux system administration, so you know how to set the machine up and how to establish at least minimal security for your gadget. Youll set up and learn the Geany IDE on your Pi, which is fairly similar to the Arduino IDE.
Where the two platforms overlap the most is the GPIO system. Youll see that several projects use and explain the WiringPi system. This is is deliberately similar to the Arduinos Wiring functionality, which is how sketches interact with GPIO pins. Youll learn the differences between the GPIO pins of the two devices, and how the Pi has some limitations on those pins that the Arduino does not. As a final project, in an effort to escape some of those limitations, youll attach an AtMEGA 328P to the Raspberry Pi and configure it as a real, 8MHz Arduino with the Arduino IDE running on the Pi, and learn how to have the two platforms communicate, giving you the best of both worlds.

What Youll Learn

Establish security with Linux system administration

Set up the Apache webserver
Write CGI programs so other computers can connect to your Pi and pull data in from it.

Use C/C++ from Arduino sketches to write programs for the Pi
Who This Book Is For
The Arduino user whos been through all the tutorials and is comfortable writing sketches and connecting hardware to their Arduino.

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James R. Strickland 2018

James R. Strickland Raspberry Pi for Arduino Users

1. Your Shopping List

James R. Strickland 1

(1)

Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA

This chapter is a shopping list . Its not very long. There arent very many hardware projects in this book, really, and many of the software projects use the same hardware setup. If youre coming to this book from the Arduino world, I figure you have projects you want to connect. How many more Light the Seven Segment LED tutorials are really necessary? You may have some of these parts alreadythe ATmega328P, the 74LVC245, the LED arrays, resistors, hookup wire, and so ontheyre staples of the Arduino world too. Im going to assume you do already have the toolsdigital multimeter, wire cutters and strippers, temperature controlled soldering station, and so on.

If your Arduino experience has mostly been about plugging in shields, you may want to look at my previous book with Apress: Junk Box Arduino, Ten Projects in Upcycled Electronics , as long as youre shopping. Blatant plug? You bet. That book is designed, among other things, to cover the ground between the online Arduino tutorials and knowing your way around electronics. In this book, I assume you know all that already.

The Raspberry Pi is a family of low-cost, high-performance 32- and 64-bit single board computer systems. They run a distribution of Linux called Raspbian, up to and including a full desktop suite and modern web browser (Chromium). This book covers the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, the quad-core 64-bit version running at 1.4GHz, and the Raspberry Pi Zero W, the single-core 32-bit version running at 1GHz. They feature connectivity with modern peripherals via USB, HDMI, and 802.3 Ethernet, as well as Bluetooth and WiFi.

Raspberry Pi

Youll need a Raspberry Pi . In this book, Im going to assume you have one of only two models, for sanitys sake: the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, or the Raspberry Pi Zero W. The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B will also work.

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is the most powerful Raspberry Pi in existence. (Its shown in Figure .)

Figure 1-1

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is a quad-core, 64-bit Arm Cortex A53-based system running at 1.4GHz. It has 1GiB ( gibibyte , discussed shortly) of RAM running at 900MHz, with 1000BASE-T 802.3 Ethernet (running at 300Mbps), 2.4GHz 802.11ac, and Bluetooth 4.2. It stores its data on a microSD card. It has an HDMI port, a 3.5mm analog audio-video jack, four USB 2.0 ports, a 1000BASE-T Ethernet jack, a 40-pin GPIO header (with the pins already soldered in), and camera and display serial interfaces.

Wow. Jargon. Lets break that down.

Quad Core

Essentially, there are four CPUs built into the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+s Broadcom 2837B0 chip. These can execute four threads or processes (well cover those later) at a time. Typically, multicore CPUs share level2 (L2) cache, but have their own level 1(L1) caches, which means that instead of talking to external memory directly, each core has its own small, fast memory space for its own use (L1 cache), which is updated to and from the L2 cache, which in turn updates and is updated by the system RAM.

Whats the cache for? The short answer to the question is speed . Main memory is farther away (a few millimeters) and has to go through more electronics, each stage of which adds a little delay. Having RAM inside the core means the core does not have to wait for system RAM to catch up. Memory caching also lets the core read its next instruction while its busy executing the one it has. This gets very complicated when programs branch (jump to instructions out of order), and these considerations as well as all the other interesting things you can do with cached memory are the bread and butter of a CPU architects job.

64 Bit

Every register (an area inside the CPU where it can store data during processing) is at least a 64-bit word, or eight bytes, wide. (A word is simply the number of bits of width. In ancient timesthe 1970s and 1980syou might have heard computer scientists talk about 12-bit bytes and 16-bit bytes, but the word byte has become standardized to mean 8 bits,no more, no less.) Technically, this is all thats required, although its likely the interface to system RAM is also 64 bits wide.

The upshot? Each core can execute single instructions on 64-bit words. If the instruction is moving words to and from RAM, you can move 8 potentially unrelated bytes at a time. The real value-add of 64-bit words is doing number crunching on 64-bit values. If your core cant process 64-bit values and it needs to, you have to write a lot of extra code to break the value down into 32-bit words , or even 8-bit words, and then put it all back together after youve done the math. Instructions take time. Instructions that act on 64-bit values save time.

ARM Cortex-A53

This is the type of core. ARM is a family of core definitions, all descended from the ARM (Acorn RISC Machine ) chip designed for the Acorn Archimedes personal computer by Acorn Computers, of Cambridge, England. Today they are designed by ARM Holdings, also of Cambridge and licensed to a bewildering variety of chip manufacturers, including Broadcom, maker of the Raspberry Pis system chip. To come full circle with Arduino, Atmel (now Microchip), maker of the ATmega microcontrollers used in Arduinos, also manufactures ARM-based products.

ARM cores are used in nearly every consumer tablet and phone, as well as a huge variety of embedded devices. Theyre reasonably powerful and electrically efficient, which is important for battery life. The ARM core comes in a huge number of varieties. The A53 is one to four cores of the ARM v8-A architecture, backward compatible with the ARM v7, 32-bit cores, which is undoubtedly why the Raspberry Pi foundation chose it. It has better floating-point math, and more compute power than the previous versions. Its designed for tablets and phones, primarily. The BCM2837B0 in the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ also comes with the Broadcom VideoCore IV GPU, and in fact more of the space on the chip is GPU than ARM. This does exactly the same thing as the GPU in your desktop: it accelerates graphics and decodes video streams .

Networking

802.3 1000BASE-T Ethernet is wired Ethernet in its most common form today. Its capable of up to 300 megabits per second on the Pi and uses two pairs of copper wire in the usual Category 5 (Cat 5) cable. If youve used Ethernet in the last 10 years, youve probably dealt with this type of wiring, and with 1000BASE-T. (There are older standards. Trust me when I say that 10BASE-T and its descendants, 100BASE-Tx and 1000BASE-T, are vast improvements. 10BASE-2 was awful.)

802.11ac is the current standard for WiFi. If you happen to have an 802.11ac Wireless Access Point (WAP), its theoretically capable of up to 1.3 gigabits per second, although the real world performance for the Pi is more along the lines of 75-100 megabits per second. I dont have such a WAP, so I cant comment on the speed from personal experience, except to say that its fast enough.

GPIO Header

These have many of the same functions as the GPIO pins on an Arduino, although they are strictly 3.3v pins. If you apply five volts on a Pis GPIO header, you will destroy that line (and possibly more) within the chip itself. They are not protected or current limited in any way. The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ has pins soldered into the GPIO header. This is important if you dont feel comfortable soldering on crowded printed circuit boards.

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