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Steve Holden - Python in a nutshell

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Python in a Nutshell

by Alex Martelli , Anna Ravenscroft , and Steve Holden

Copyright 2017 Alex Martelli, Anna Martelli Ravenscroft, and Steve Holden. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by OReilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

OReilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com/safari). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .

  • Editor: Dawn Schanafelt
  • Production Editor: Kristen Brown
  • Copyeditor: Kim Cofer
  • Proofreader: Rachel Monaghan
  • Indexer: Judith McConville
  • Interior Designer: David Futato
  • Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
  • Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
  • April 2017: Third Edition
Revision History for the Third Edition
  • 2017-04-06: First Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449392925 for release details.

The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. Python in a Nutshell, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.

While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-449-39292-5

[LSI]

Preface

The Python programming language reconciles many apparent contradictions: both elegant and pragmatic, both simple and powerful, its very high-level yet doesnt get in your way when you need to fiddle with bits and bytes, and its suitable for programming novices as well as great for experts, too.

This book is aimed at programmers with some previous exposure to Python, as well as experienced programmers coming to Python for the first time from other languages. The book is a quick reference to Python itself, the most commonly used parts of its vast standard library, and a few of the most popular and useful third-party modules and packages, covering a wide range of application areas, including web and network programming, XML handling, database interactions, and high-speed numeric computing. The book focuses on Pythons cross-platform capabilities and covers the basics of extending Python and embedding it in other applications.

How This Book Is Organized

This book has five parts, as follows.

Part I, Getting Started with Python

Covers the general characteristics of the Python language, its implementations, where to get help and information, how to participate in the Python community, and how to obtain and install Python on your computer(s).

Covers the Python interpreter program, its command-line options, and how to use it to run Python programs and in interactive sessions. The chapter mentions text editors for editing Python programs and auxiliary programs for checking your Python sources, along with some full-fledged integrated development environments, including IDLE, which comes free with standard Python. The chapter also covers running Python programs from the command line.

Part II, Core Python Language and Built-ins

Covers Python syntax, built-in data types, expressions, statements, control flow, and how to write and call functions.

Covers object-oriented programming in Python.

Covers how to use exceptions for errors and special situations, and logging.

Covers how Python lets you group code into modules and packages, how to define and import modules, and how to install third-party Python packages. The chapter also covers working with virtual environments to isolate project dependencies.

Covers built-in data types and functions, and some of the most fundamental modules in the standard Python library (roughly, the set of modules supplying functionality that, in some other languages, is built into the language itself).

Covers Pythons string-processing facilities, including Unicode strings, byte strings, and string literals.

Covers Pythons support for regular expressions.

Part III, Python Library and Extension Modules

Covers how to deal with files and text processing using many modules from Pythons standard library and platform-specific extensions for rich text I/O. The chapter also covers issues of internationalization and localization, and the specific task of defining interactive text-mode command sessions with Python.

Covers Pythons serialization and persistence mechanisms, as well as Pythons interfaces to DBM databases and relational (SQL-based) databases, particularly the handy SQLite that comes with Pythons standard library.

Covers how to deal with times and dates in Python, using the standard library and popular third-party extensions.

Helps you to achieve advanced execution control in Python, including execution of dynamically generated code and control of garbage collection. The chapter also covers some Python internal types, and the specific issue of registering clean-up functions to execute at program-termination time.

Covers Pythons functionality for concurrent execution, both via multiple threads running within one process and via multiple processes running on a single machine. The chapter also covers how to access the processs environment, and how to access files via memory-mapping mechanisms.

Shows Pythons features for numeric computations, both in standard library modules and in third-party extension packages; in particular, the chapter covers how to use decimal numbers or fractions, instead of the default binary floating-point numbers. The chapter also covers how to get and use pseudorandom and truly random numbers, and how to speedily process whole arrays (and matrices) of numbers.

Deals with Python tools and approaches that help ensure your programs are correct (i.e., that your programs do what theyre meant to do), find and fix errors in your programs, and check and enhance your programs performance. The chapter also covers the concept of warning and the Python library module that deals with it.

Part IV, Network and Web Programming

Covers the basics of networking with Python.

Covers alternatives for asynchronous (event-driven) programming, particularly modern coroutine-based architectures and lower-level multiplexing, with standard library modules.

Covers modules in Pythons standard library to write network client programs, particularly for dealing with various network protocols from the client side, sending and receiving emails, and handling URLs.

Covers how to serve HTTP for web applications in Python, using popular third-party lightweight Python frameworks leveraging Pythons WSGI standard interface to web servers.

Covers how to process email messages, and other network-structured and encoded documents, in Python.

Covers popular third-party Python extension modules to process, modify, and generate HTML documents.

Covers Python library modules and popular extensions to process, modify, and generate XML documents.

Part V, Extending, Distributing, v2/v3 Migration
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