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Alex Martelli - Python in a Nutshell

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Alex Martelli Python in a Nutshell

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Python in a Nutshell by Alex Martelli Anna Martelli Ravenscroft Steve - photo 1
Python in a Nutshell

by Alex Martelli , Anna Martelli Ravenscroft , Steve Holden , and Paul McGuire

Copyright 2023 Alex Martelli, Anna Martelli Ravenscroft, Steve Holden, and Paul McGuire. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by OReilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

OReilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .

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  • March 2003: First Edition
  • July 2006: Second Edition
  • April 2017: Third Edition
  • January 2023: Fourth Edition
Revision History for the Fourth Edition
  • 2023-01-09: First Release

See https://www.oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=0636920602804 for release details.

The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. Python in a Nutshell, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.

While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-098-11355-1

[LSI]

Preface

The Python programming language reconciles many apparent contradictions: elegant yet pragmatic, simple yet powerful, its very high-level yet doesnt get in your way when you need to fiddle with bits and bytes, and its suitable for novice programmers and great for experts, too.

This book is intended for programmers with some previous exposure to Python, as well as experienced programmers coming to Python for the first time from other languages. It provides a quick reference to Python itself, the most commonly used parts of its vast standard library, and a few of the most popular and useful third-party modules and packages. The Python ecosystem has grown so much in richness, scope, and complexity that a single volume can no longer reasonably hope to be encyclopedic. Still, the book covers a wide range of application areas, including web and network programming, XML handling, database interactions, and high-speed numeric computing. It also explores Pythons cross-platform capabilities and the basics of extending Python and embedding it in other applications.

How To Use This Book

While you can read this volume linearly from the beginning, we also aim for it to be a useful reference for the working programmer. You may choose to use the index to locate items of interest, or to read specific chapters for coverage of their particular topics. However you use it, we sincerely hope you enjoy reading what represents the fruit of the best part of a years work for the team.

The book has five parts, as follows.

Part I, Getting Started with Python
Covers the general characteristics of the Python language, its implementations, where to get help and information, how to participate in the Python community, and how to obtain and install Python on your computer(s) or run it in your browser.Covers the Python interpreter program, its command-line options, and how to use it to run Python programs and in interactive sessions. The chapter mentions text editors for editing Python programs and auxiliary programs for checking your Python sources, along with some full-fledged integrated development environments, including IDLE, which comes free with standard Python. The chapter also covers running Python programs from the command line.
Part II, Core Python Language and Built-ins
Covers Python syntax, built-in data types, expressions, statements, control flow, and how to write and call functions.Covers object-oriented programming in Python.Covers how to add type information to your Python code, to gain type hinting and autocomplete help from modern code editors and support static type checking from type checkers and linters.Covers how to use exceptions for errors and special situations, logging, and how to write code to automatically clean up when exceptions occur.Covers how Python lets you group code into modules and packages, how to define and import modules, and how to install third-party Python packages. This chapter also covers working with virtual environments to isolate project dependencies.Covers built-in data types and functions, and some of the most fundamental modules in the Python standard library (roughly speaking, the set of modules supplying functionality that, in some other languages, is built into the language itself).Covers Pythons facilities for processing strings, including Unicode strings, bytestrings, and string literals.Covers Pythons support for regular expressions.
Part III, Python Library and Extension Modules
Covers dealing with files and text with many modules from Pythons standard library and platform-specific extensions for rich text I/O. This chapter also covers issues regarding internationalization and localization.Covers Pythons serialization and persistence mechanisms and its interfaces to DBM databases and relational (SQL-based) databases, particularly the handy SQLite that comes with Pythons standard library.Covers dealing with times and dates in Python, with the standard library and third-party extensions.Covers ways to achieve advanced execution control in Python, including execution of dynamically generated code and control of garbage collection. This chapter also covers some Python internal types, and the specific issue of registering cleanup functions to execute at program termination time.Covers Pythons functionality for concurrent execution, both via multiple threads running within one process and via multiple processes running on a single machine. This chapter also covers how to access the processs environment, and how to access files via memory-mapping mechanisms.Covers Pythons features for numeric computations, both in standard library modules and in third-party extension packages; in particular, how to use decimal numbers or fractions instead of the default binary floating-point numbers. This chapter also covers how to get and use pseudorandom and truly random numbers, and how to speedily process whole arrays (and matrices) of numbers.Covers Python tools and approaches that help you make sure that your programs are correct (i.e., that they do what theyre meant to do), find and fix errors in your programs, and check and enhance your programs performance. This chapter also covers the concept of warnings and the Python library module that deals with them.
Part IV, Network and Web Programming
Covers the basics of networking with Python.Covers modules in Pythons standard library to write network client programs, particularly for dealing with various network protocols from the client side, sending and receiving emails, and handling URLs.Covers how to serve HTTP for web applications in Python, using popular third-party lightweight Python frameworks leveraging Pythons WSGI standard interface to web servers.Covers how to process email messages and other network-structured and encoded documents in Python.Covers popular third-party Python extension modules to process, modify, and generate HTML documents.Covers Python library modules and popular extensions to process, modify, and generate XML documents.
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