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Heike Kahlert - Acid-Base Diagrams

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Heike Kahlert Acid-Base Diagrams

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Heike Kahlert and Fritz Scholz Acid-Base Diagrams 2013 10.1007/978-3-642-37902-4_1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
1. Introduction
Heike Kahlert 1 and Fritz Scholz 1
(1)
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Abstract
Acidbase diagrams, better called pH-log c i diagrams, are the most beneficial tools which have been developed to describe acidbase equilibria. They present the interrelations between the logarithm of all equilibrium concentrations c of the species i and the pH value of the solution. They make it possible, without any math calculations, to find the approximate pH of solutions of acids and bases and buffers. They can be also applied to find out what approximations in the math calculations of the pH (or concentration of any species) are allowed under certain conditions. These acidbase diagrams can also be used to construct titration curves in order to extract the most important data, such as pH at the equilibrium point, etc. A good training in using these diagrams is necessary for a wide range of science studies. The present book provides the basics as well as a good number of applications.
Acidbase diagrams, better called pH-log c i diagrams, are the most beneficial tools that have been developed to describe acidbase equilibria. They present the interrelations between the logarithm of all equilibrium concentrations c of the species i and the pH value of the solution. They make it possible to find the approximate pH of solutions of acids and bases and buffers without any math calculations. They can be applied to find out what approximations in the math calculations of the pH (or concentration of any species) are allowed under certain conditions. These acidbase diagrams can also be used to construct titration curves to extract the most important data, such as pH at the equilibrium point. Good training in the use of these diagrams is necessary for a wide range of science studies. This book provides the basics as well as a good number of applications.
pH-log c i diagrams have several fathers (Fig. ].
Fig 1 a Niels Bjerrum March 11 1879 Copenhagen Denmark September 30 - photo 1
Fig. 1
a Niels Bjerrum (March 11, 1879, Copenhagen, Denmark September 30, 1958, Copenhagen, Denmark). Bjerrum studied chemistry in Leipzig, Zurich, Paris and Berlin. He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Copenhagen in 1908. From 1914 to 1949 he was Professor at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College in Copenhagen. His research concerned acidbase equilibria and electrolyte solutions. (Copyright Morten J. Bjerrum Reproduced from []). b Gunnar Hgg (December 14, 1903, Stockholm, Sweden May 28, 1986, Uppsala, Sweden) studied chemistry in Stockholm, and in 1936 he became Professor in Uppsala. His main research area was X-ray diffraction. (Archive, University of Uppsala). c Lars Gunnar Silln (July 11, 1916, Stockholm, Sweden July 23, 1970, Danderyd/Stockholm) studied chemistry in Stockholm, and was a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm from 1950. At the beginning of his career he also did research in X-ray diffraction, but later he turned his interest to chemical solution equilibria and sea chemistry. Silln was a pioneer in applying computer programs to the calculation of chemical equilibria, and his research group was most productive in providing new estimations of highly reliable equilibrium constants (Svenskt biografiskt lexikon)
This book provides a consistent presentation of material, and the reader can use it without consulting additional literature. Of course, there are a number of textbooks and monographs that can be consulted [], as well as a number of original journal papers.
The complete book is based on the acidbase theory of Brnsted (Brnsted) and Lowry, according to whom acids are proton donators and bases are proton acceptors. All other acidbase theories are not discussed here, and we refer to the respective literature [].
Literature
Bjerrum N (1915) Sammlung chemisch und chemisch-technischer Vortrge 21:1
Arnfeld H (1937) Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift 49:96 (cited from: Hgg G (1950) Die theoretischen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie. Birkhuser, Basel)
lander A (1939) Kompendium i teoretisk kemi [Tekniska Hgskolan Stockholm] (cited from: Hgg G (1950) Die theoretischen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie. Birkhuser, Basel)
Hgg G (1950) Die theoretischen Grundlagen der analytischen Chemie. Birkhuser, Basel
Silln LG, Lange PW, Gabrielson CO (1952) Problems in physical chemistry. Prentice Hall, New York
Silln LG (1959) Graphical presentation of equilibrium data. Kapitel 8. In: Kolthoff IM, Elving PJ, Sandell EB (eds) Treatise on analytical chemistry. The Interscience Encyclopedia, New York
Butler JN (1998) Ionic equilibrium. Solubility and pH calculations. Wiley, New York
Scholz F (2011) Bjerrum, Niels. In: Bard AJ, Inzelt G, Scholz F (eds) Electrochemical dictionary. Springer, Berlin
Bliefert C (1978) pH-Wert-Berechnungen. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Seel F (1976) Grundlagen der Analytischen Chemie, 6th edn. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Blumenthal G (1993) Grundlagen der quantitativen chemischen Analyse. In: Kolditz L (ed) Anorganikum, 13th edn. Barth, Leipzig
Otto M (2011) Analytische Chemie, 4th edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Kotrl S, cha L (1985) Handbook of chemical equilibria in analytical chemistry. E. Horwood, Chichester
cha L, Kotrl S (1972) Solution equilibria in analytical chemistry. Van Nostrand Reinhold Comp, London
Inczedy J (1976) Analytical applications of complex equilibria. E. Horwood/Akadmiai Kiad, Chichester/Budapest
Christian GD (2004) Analytical chemistry. Wiley, New York
Kahlert H (2012) Acidbase theories. In: Bard AJ, Inzelt G, Scholz F (eds) Electrochemical dictionary, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 46
Heike Kahlert and Fritz Scholz Acid-Base Diagrams 2013 10.1007/978-3-642-37902-4_2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
2. The Math Behind the pH-log c i Diagrams
Heike Kahlert 1 and Fritz Scholz 1
(1)
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Abstract
Figure 2 shows the coordination system as used for the construction of pH-log c i diagrams of aqueous solutions.
Figure shows the coordination system as used for the construction of pH-log c i diagrams of aqueous solutions.
Fig 2 Coordination system of pH-log c i diagrams normally only the second - photo 2
Fig. 2
Coordination system of pH-log c i diagrams: normally, only the second quadrant ( the colored part ) is used, and constructed as a quadratic diagram because only that range of pH and log c i is of significance in aqueous solutions
In an aqueous solution of the acid the following equilibria are established 1 2 T - photo 3 , the following equilibria are established:
1 2 The equilibrium is characterized by the equilibrium constant - photo 4
(1)
Acid-Base Diagrams - image 5
(2)
The equilibrium () is characterized by the equilibrium constant K a:
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