National Research Council - Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4

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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. NAGW-2239. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-73151

ISBN 0-309-18351-0 e-pub ISBN

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06795-2

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National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academys purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

BAILUS WALKER, JR. (Chair),

Howard University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.

MELVIN E. ANDERSEN,

Colorado State University, Denver, Colorado

GERMAINE M. BUCK,

State University of New York at Buffalo

GARY P. CARLSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

JACK H. DEAN,

Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malverne, Pennsylvania

ROBERT E. FORSTER II,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

PAUL M.D. FOSTER,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas

JUDITH A. GRAHAM,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

SIDNEY GREEN,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio

CHARLES H. HOBBS,

Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico

FLORENCE K. KINOSHITA,

Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware

MICHAEL J. KOSNETT,

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado

MORTON LIPPMANN,

New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York

THOMAS E. MCKONE,

University of California, Berkeley, California