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Choosing and operating a compass, interpreting maps, navigating in the wild, and handling outdoor emergencies.
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Published by STACKPOLE BOOKS 5067 Ritter Road Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Stackpole Books, 5067 Ritter Road, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
First edition
Cover design by Caroline Miller
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geary, Don. Using a map and compass / Don Geary. 1st ed. p.cm. ISBN0-8117-2591-X (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. OrienteeringUnited States. I. Title. GV200.4.G43 1995 796.5'1dc20 95-3069 CIP
Page iii
Contents
Acknowledgments
iv
Introduction
1
1. The Compass
5
2. Understanding Maps
37
3. Magnetic Declination Demystified
61
4. Navigating with Compass and Map
75
5. Planning: The Key to a Successful Outing
93
6. In the Field
113
Resources
137
Glossary
153
Page iv
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Byron Williams for doing a number of the illustrations in this book. I would also like to thank Hal Heron, President of the Brunton Compass Company and the folks at Cabela's, Pur (water filters), MPI, and Magellan.
Page 1
Introduction
Every year, especially during the warmer months, hundreds of thousands of people take to the hills in pursuit of outdoor recreation. The statistics from outdoor equipment manufacturers are mind-boggling. For example, in 1991 American anglers spent more than $15 million on fishing lures alone, a mere trifle in light of the cost of backpacks, sleeping bags, tents, firearms, and even gasoline used in the quest of the great outdoors.
Many of these people are looking for that hard-to-define place called wilderness. Unfortunately, most of them never find truly wild places. Nine out of ten hikers and other wilderness travelers stay on the marked trail systems that cover less than 1 percent of all wilderness areas in the continental United States, and more and more hikers, fishermen, hunters, and mountain bikers take to the trails every season. More people presently use the Lake Placid-Northville Trail (in New York's Adirondack Mountains) during the winter months than did during the entire year just twenty years ago. Sad to say, the wild places themselves are shrinking with every passing year, even in the Rocky Mountain states.
Page 2
The wilderness is still there, however. Most outdoorsmen just don't know where to look for it. If you have ever listened to a pretrip conversation, it probably went something like this: "Some friends and I are going up to the mountains for a few days of fishing. We're just going to take the freeway to exit 323 and follow the signs to the lake, park the car, and head out. There are plenty of lakes up that way, and we just plan to wander and fish a bunch of them. We have a Forest Service map of the general area, and that's good enough for us." This is a common attitude of today's wilderness travelers. Check out later how the fellows made out. Ask them how their trip went.
You're very likely to get a response like this: "What a trip! It took us an extra six hours to get there because we got lost on those dirt Forest Service roads, and by that time it was too late to get very far in before we had to set up camp. We figured we could make it to a nice lake before setting up camp, but even though we walked longer than we should have, we didn't make it to any lake on the first night. We thought we'd fill our canteens at the trailhead, but someone had backed a horsetrailer over the only spigot, so there was no water, and only one guy had filled his canteen at home.
"Second day we tried to find Big Piney Pond, the one with the monster trout in it. It was supposed to be due north of the trailhead about four miles. I swear we walked about ten hours trying to find that damned pond. We did find a pond that day, but by the time we did, everyone was so tired from breaking trail through the forest that no one even tried fishing. We also discovered that Tom had lost his sleeping pad. It must have pulled off his pack somewhere in the brush.
"The third day we fished the heck out of this pond, but we didn't have any luck. That afternoon we discovered the reason. The pond is on a packhorse trail, just a few hours' ride from the trailhead, and it's where pack trains often spend
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