Pierre Muret - Fundamentals of Electronics 2: Continuous-time Signals and Systems (Electronics Engineering)

1. 1 Continuous-time Systems: General Properties, Feedback, Stability, Oscillators
2. 2 Continuous-time Linear Systems: Quadripoles, Filtering and Filter Synthesis

Pierre Muret

First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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ISTE Ltd 2018
The rights of Pierre Muret to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961003

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-182-6

Today, we can consider electronics to be a subject derived from both the theoretical advances achieved during the 20th Century in areas comprising the modeling and conception of components, circuits, signals and systems, together with the tremendous development attained in integrated circuit technology. However, such development led to something of a knowledge diaspora that this work will attempt to contravene by collecting both the general principles at the center of all electronic systems and components, together with the synthesis and analysis methods required to describe and understand these components and subcomponents. The work is divided into three volumes. Each volume follows one guiding principle from which various concepts flow. Accordingly, Volume 1 addresses the physics of semiconductor components and the consequences thereof, that is, the relations between component properties and electrical models. Volume 2 addresses continuous time systems, initially adopting a general approach in . The chapter headings are indicated in the following general outline.

Each chapter is paired with exercises and detailed corrections, with two objectives. First, these exercises help illustrate the general principles addressed in the course, proposing new application layouts and showing how theory can be implemented to assess their properties. Second, the exercises act as extensions of the course, illustrating circuits that may have been described briefly, but whose properties have not been studied in detail. The first volume should be accessible to students with a scientific literacy corresponding to the first 2 years of university education, allowing them to acquire the level of understanding required for the third year of their electronics degree. The level of comprehension required for the following two volumes is that of students on a masters degree program or enrolled in engineering school.

In summary, electronics, as presented in this book, is an engineering science that concerns the modeling of components and systems from their physical properties to their established function, allowing for the transformation of electrical signals and information processing. Here, the various items are summarized along with their properties to help readers follow the broader direction of their organization and thereby avoid fragmentation and overlap. The representation of signals is treated in a balanced manner, which means that the spectral aspect is given its proper place; to do otherwise would have been outmoded and against the grain of modern electronics, since now a wide range of problems are initially addressed according to criteria concerning frequency response, bandwidth and signal spectrum modification. This should by no means overshadow the application of electrokinetic laws, which remains a necessary first step since electronics remains fundamentally concerned with electric circuits. Concepts related to radio-frequency circuits are not given special treatment here, but can be found in several chapters. Since the summary of logical circuits involves digital electronics and industrial computing, the part treated here is limited to logical functions that may be useful in binary numbers computing and elementary sequencing. The author hopes that this work contributes to a broad foundation for the analysis, modeling and synthesis of most active and passive circuits in electronics, giving readers a good start to begin the development and simulation of integrated circuits.

1. 1) Volume 1: Electronic Components and Elementary Functions [MUR 17].
   1. i) Diodes and Applications
   2. ii) Bipolar Transistors and Applications
   3. iii) Field Effect Transistor and Applications
   4. iv) Amplifiers, Comparators and Other Analog Circuits
2. 2) Volume 2: Continuous-time Signals and Systems.
   1. i) Continuous-time Stationary Systems: General Properties, Feedback, Stability, Oscillators
   2. ii) Continuous-time Linear and Stationary Systems: Two-port Networks, Filtering and Analog Filter Synthesis
3. 3) Volume 3: Discrete-time Signals and Systems and Conversion Systems [MUR 18].
   1. i) Discrete-time Signals: Sampling, Filtering and Phase Control, Frequency control circuits
   2. ii) Quantized Level Systems: Digital-to-analog and Analog-to-digital Conversions

Pierre MURET
November 2017

This volume is dedicated to the study of linear and stationary systems in which time is considered as a continuous variable, as well as certain extensions in the case of nonlinear systems. It is mainly centered on single-input and single-output systems but a method capable of generalizing studies to linear or nonlinear multi-input and multi-output systems is also addressed. Generally, in order to highlight the properties of these systems, one must necessarily rely on the analysis of electrical signals that either characterize their response to an excitation signal or their natural (or proper) response. The former output signal is dependent on the input signal and is called forced response, whereas their natural response is independent of the excitation signal placed on their input. Therefore, it is essential to begin with the representations of signals by forming a close correlation between the time domain and the frequency domain, which are connected by the Fourier transform or decomposition into Fourier series. It is then natural to customize the study to the case of stationary systems, for which the forced response is invariant under time translation of the signal applied on input, and which, in addition, follow the principle of causality. The unilateral Laplace transform then proves to be useful and it leads us to the notion of transfer function or transmittance, together with the Fourier transform in the case of finite energy signals. The properties of these two types of transforms and their application to the case of electronic systems are covered in the first part of .