Fifth Edition
JOSEPHSONS
Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology
Techniques and Interpretations
Mark E. Josephson, MD
Herman C. Dana Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Chief of the Cardiovascular Division
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Director, Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute and Arrhythmia Service
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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5th edition
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4th edition 2008 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
3rd edition 2002 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
2nd edition 1993 by Lea & Febiger
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Josephson, Mark E., author.
[Clinical cardiac electrophysiology]
Josephsons clinical cardiac electrophysiology : techniques and interpretations / Mark E. Josephson. Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Previously published as: Clinical cardiac electrophysiology / Mark E. Josephson.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-8741-0
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiacmethods. 2. Arrhythmias, Cardiacdiagnosis. 3. Arrhythmias, Cardiactherapy. 4. Heart Conduction Systemphysiopathology. WG 141.5.F9]
RC683.5.E5
616.1207547dc23
2015018611
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This book is dedicated to my familySylvie, Elan, Sydney, Rachel, Todd, Stephanie, Jesse, and particularly, to my wife Joanfor their love, support, and understanding. Joan, you have been the wind beneath my wings.
FOREWORD
Historical Perspectives
The study of the heart as an electrical organ has fascinated physiologists and physicians for nearly a century and a half. Matteucci who discovered the muscle bundle joining the atrial and ventricular septae that is known as the common A-V bundle or the bundle of His.
During the first half of the 20th century clinical electrocardiography gained widespread acceptance, and, in feats of deductive reasoning, numerous electrocardiographers contributed to the understanding of how the cardiac impulse in man is generated and conducted. Those researchers were, however, limited to observation of atrial (P wave) and ventricular (QRS complex) depolarizations and their relationships to one another made at a relatively slow recording speed (25 mm/s) during spontaneous rhythms. Nevertheless, combining those carefully made observations of the anatomists and the concepts developed in the physiology laboratory, these researchers accurately described, or at least hypothesized, many of the important concepts of modern electrophysiology. These included such concepts as slow conduction, concealed conduction, A-V block, and the general area of arrhythmogenesis, including abnormal impulse formation and reentry. Some of this history was reviewed by the late Langendorf. The diagrams in that manuscript are as accurate today as they were hypothetical in 1933. Much of what has followed the innovative work of investigators in the first half of the century has confirmed the brilliance of their investigations.
In the 1940s and 1950s, when cardiac catheterization was emerging, it became increasingly apparent that luminal catheters could be placed intravascularly by a variety of routes and safely passed to almost any region of the heart, where they could remain for a substantial period of time. Alanis et al. recorded the His bundle potential in an isolated perfused animal heart, detailing the electrode catheter techniques in dogs and humans, to reproducibly record His bundle electrogram, which paved the way for the extraordinary investigations that have occurred over the past two and a half decades.
At about the time Scherlag et al.
Beginning in the mid-1970s, Josephson and his colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania were the first to use vigorous, systematic, multisite programmed stimulation in the study of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) resulting from myocardial infarction, which allowed induction of VT in more than 90% of the patients in whom this rhythm occurred spontaneously.