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Liang Cheng - Essentials of Anatomic Pathology

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Liang Cheng Essentials of Anatomic Pathology

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Part I
General Pathology
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Liang Cheng and David G. Bostwick (eds.) Essentials of Anatomic Pathology 10.1007/978-3-319-23380-2_1
1. Cytopathology
Fadi W. Abdul-Karim 1 , Jennifer A. Brainard 1, Shelley I. Odronic 2 and Claire W. Michael 3
(1)
Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
(2)
Department of Pathology, St. Ritas Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
(3)
Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
Fadi W. Abdul-Karim
Email:
Keywords
The Bethesda system Pap test Gynecologic cytology Liquid-based preparation HPV test Fine-needle aspirate Cytology of fluids Ancillary test
Part A: Gynecologic Cytology
Introduction
Cytology screening for cervical cancer and its precursors using the Pap test have been highly efficient at reducing the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer
Most Pap tests in the United States are prepared using liquid-based cytology (LBC) methods. Two LBC methods are FDA approved for cervicovaginal sampling as an alternative to conventional preparation (CP): ThinPrep (Hologic, Marlborough, MA) and SurePath (BD, Burlington, NC). Table compares these Pap test preparations:
Table 1.1.
Comparison of Cer vicovaginal Cytology Preparation Methods
Features
ThinPrep (TP)
SurePath (SP)
Conventional preparation (CP)
Sample collection
Uniform head of sampling device is discarded
Uniform head of sampling device is submitted
Uniform head of sampling device is discarded
Slide preparation
Fully automated
Partially automated
Manual
Number of cells
~50,000
~50,000
~300,000
Slide area
Cells in well-defined 20 mm diameter area
Cells in well-defined 13 mm diameter area
Cells diffusely smeared in 2575 mm area
Image-guided screening
ThinPrep Imaging System
FocalPoint Slide Profiler and FocalPoint Guided Screener
FocalPoint Slide Profiler and FocalPoint Guided Screener
Fixation
Methanol
Ethanol
Alcohol
Cell preservation
Good
Good
Variable
Obscuring factors
None
None
Usually present
Air-drying
None
None
Usually present
HPV testing
Testing from vial (FDA approved)
Testing from vial (not FDA approved but can be validated)
Testing from another sample
  • Meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials demonstrated no significant difference between CP and LBC in the detection of CIN2/3 lesions
  • LBC offers a cleaner and possibly more efficient cell preparation to review and the ability to perform human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, as well as chlamydia and gonorrhea testing
Both LBC methods have developed location-guided imaging systems designed to present the cytotechnologist with the fields of vision most likely to harbor abnormal cells:
  • ThinPrep Imaging System: 22 fields of vision
  • BD FocalPoint Guided Screening Imaging System: 10 fields of vision
The 2014 Bethesda System
Specimen Type
Indicate conventional smear (Pap smear) and liquid-based preparation (Pap test) versus others
Specimen Adequacy
Satisfactory for evaluation (describe presence or absence of endocervical/transformation zone component and any other quality indicators, e.g., partially obscuring blood, inflammation, etc)
Unsatisfactory for evaluation (specify reason)
  • Specimen rejected/not processed (specify reason)
  • Specimen processed and examined, but unsatisfactory for evaluation of epithelial abnormality because of (specify reason)
General Categorization (Optional)
Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy
Others: see Interpretation/Result (e.g., endometrial cells in a woman aged 45 years or older)
Epithelial cell abnormality: see Interpretation/Result (specify squamous or glandular, as appropriate)
Interpretation/Result
Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy
(When there is no cellular evidence of neoplasia, state this in the general categorization above and/or in the Interpretation/Result of the report whether or not there are organisms or other nonneoplastic findings)
Nonneoplastic Findings (Optional to Report)
Nonneoplastic cellular variations
  • Squamous metaplasia
  • Keratotic changes
  • Tubal metaplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Pregnancy-associated changes
Reactive cellular changes associated with:
  • Inflammation (includes typical repair)
  • Lymphocytic (follicular) cervicitis
  • Radiation
  • Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)
  • Glandular cells status post-hysterectomy
Organisms
Trichomonas vaginalis
Fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Candida spp
Shift in flora suggestive of bacterial vaginosis
Bacteria morphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp
Cellular changes consistent with herpes simplex virus
Cellular changes consistent with cytomegalovirus
Others
Endometrial cells (in a woman aged 45 years or older)
  • (Also specify if negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion)
Epithelial Cell Abnormalities
Squamous cell
  • Atypical squamous cells
    • Of undetermined significance (ASC-US)
    • Cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (encompassing: HPV/mild dysplasia/CIN-1)
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (encompassing: moderate and severe dysplasia, CIS; CIN-2 and CIN-3)
  • With features suspicious for invasion (if invasion is suspected)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Glandular cell
  • Atypical
    • Endocervical cells (NOS or specify in comments)
    • Endometrial cells (NOS or specify in comments)
    • Glandular cells (NOS or specify in comments)
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