Price - Bostons Immigrants
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Boston is a city rich in the history of residents from all walks of life, every country and every ethnicity imaginable. From 1840 to 1925, Bostons diversity created a city with a thriving nexus of people who wove together a community that reflected their own unique heritage. In this lavishly illustrated book with over 200 thought-provoking and evocative photographs, Anthony Mitchell Sammarco and Michael Price have created an important book chronicling the determination, strength, and often manifold successes of immigrants who arrived in Boston. From the mid-nineteenth century when Bostons burgeoning population included one out of every three as being foreign born, the immigrants arrival at the East Boston docks increased greatly between 1840 and 1925, where they were to pass into the New World, and a new life. In chapters that deal with the immigrants before their arrival, their first perceptions, to where they went, worked, and played, this book outlines the ancestors of...
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This photographic book on Bostons immigrants is an outgrowth of an exhibit on the same subject that was held at the International Institute of Boston in 1997. With a major photographic exhibit curated by Michael Price and a lecture entitled The Boston Immigrant Experience by Anthony M. Sammarco, its appeal to Bostonians was quite evident in the overwhelming response; this photographic history is the result.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to the following: the American Jewish Historical Society; Anthony Bognanno; the Boston Athenaeum; the Boston Public Library, Print Department, and Sinclair Hitchings, the keeper of prints; the Cambridge Historical Commission, Charles Sullivan, director; the Cambridge YMCA; Frank Cheney; Margaret Kalajian Cummings; the Giannelli family; Julia Griffin; Virginia Hurley; the Immigrant City Archives; Hannah Gartazoghian Kalajian; the John F. Kennedy Library; Joseph LoPiccolo; David Masse; Chris Mathias; Evelyn Abdalah Menconi; the Milton Historical Society; the North Bennet Street School; Alice Owens; St. Peters Church, Dorchester, Massachusetts; Project SAVE; Dorothea Rowling; Russell Rowling; Dr. Dennis Ryan; Najib Saliba; Anthony and Mary Mitchell Sammarco; Rosemary Sammarco; the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College; Robert Bayard Severy; the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities; Monica Suchecki; Amy Sutton, our editor; Robert Bayard Severy; Kenneth Turino; Virginia M. White; and the Worcester Historical Museum. We would especially like to acknowledge the creative work by Barbara Filo, an acclaimed Boston photographer, who traveled and rephotographed many of the original images for the exhibit The Boston Immigrant Experience, which was held at the International Institute of Boston in 1997, and to Miriam Ovissi, who gave tremendously of herself to make that exhibit possible.
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Immigrants who arrived in Boston between 1840 and 1925 came from a wide array of countries, often with distinct reasons for leaving their native country. The Canadians in the early 1840s sought employment, and many became shipbuilders and carpenters in East Boston. The Irish began a long immigration in the late 1840s to avoid the famine caused by the failed potato crop. The Swedish sought land, which their native country lacked. The Germans fled the tyranny and social upheavals that led to the Revolution of 1848. The Chinese fled disorder and violence. The Italians and Spanish fled futility, and the Russian and Polish Jews fled oppression and tyranny.
According to the Boston Herald in a somewhat patronizing article on April 14, 1896, the immigrants arriving in Boston on the ship Caphalonia were composed of
women wrapped in shawls, bare-headed girls and girls with theatre hats of wirework; brawny, awkward men in high-cut waistcoats and hobnailed boots. They were a strong, clean, healthy-looking setIrish and English and Scandinavian, with a dozen Italians642 of them, with ruddy, expectant faces. Most of them were blue-eyed, Celts and Saxons, with well-knit figures and high cheek bones. Several of the girls were quite pretty; their frank, eager countenances and smiling mouths were worth walking a long way to look upon. The men were solid and slow-moving, a hard-headed lotnone of your jaunty, nervous cockneys, but men. And they stood in line, and waited their turn, patiently and well-behaved.
However, less than a decade later in 1903, when the immigrants were more apt to be southern European or Slavic, it was said the comparatively unrestricted tide of immigration into the United States is in general a menace to the social and industrial life. With an average of 50,000 or more immigrants annually arriving in Boston, it was thought that these hopeful immigrants, who were often illiterate and unskilled, would create a surplus work force and hinder the economy of Massachusetts. The immigrants were stereotyped, often slanderously, in the press with written work and crude political cartoons.
The Emigrant Girl was sketched for the cover page of the February 26, 1859 edition of ONeills Irish Pictorial . In the two decades before the Civil War, Bostons population was doubled with many thousands of Irish immigrants arriving between 1847 and 1860. They sought a better life from the suffering, hunger, and misery in Ireland that followed the failure of the potato crop in the 1840s, often referred to as the Great Hunger.
This Irish harvest scene in Kilkenny, Ireland, was sketched in 1852 for Gleasons Pictorial Drawing Room Companion. The scene, according to the accompanying newspaper article, represented a group of laborers in the harvest field partaking of refreshments after the labors of the day. In many districts of Ireland, there are scenes like this which give unmistakable evidence of prosperity, notwithstanding the reports that are constantly reaching us of want and misery in that unfortunate land. It is true that many parts of Ireland have become nearly deserted by reason of the extensive emigration to this country. The magazine was edited by a Yankee and seems ambivalent about portraying the obvious misery that Ireland was experiencing.
Two workers dig in the stone-strewn boglands of Ireland in the late 19th century. The Irish had adversarial relationships with the English and Anglo-Irish landlords and agents who sought to convert overcrowded estates into more profitable grazing lands for cattle and dairy farming. These conversions were facilitated by the land tenure system. The Irish peasant did not own the land, and rents would often be raised, forcing the tenants out should they be unable to pay the rent. Conversion followed the evictions from their cottages.
Hearth and home for the Irish in the 19th century was often a thatch- or potato stalkroofed cottage with two-foot-thick walls and a hearth stoked with peat to provide both warmth and a place to cook. It was said that an Irish family of six could live for a year on the potatoes that 1.5 acres of land could provide.
Irish peasants pose outside a thatch-roofed cottage in the 19th century. The severe conditions of life in Ireland often led to paupers seeking assistance from the poor relief tax, which was supported by those able to pay often exorbitant rents to landlords. (Courtesy of the John F. Kennedy Library.)
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