Sonnenschein - Polyurethanes science, technology, markets, and trends

1. Chapter 02
2. Chapter 03
3. Chapter 04
4. Chapter 05
5. Chapter 06
6. Chapter 07
7. Chapter 08
8. Chapter 09
9. Chapter 10
10. Chapter 11

1. Chapter 01
2. Chapter 02
3. Chapter 03
4. Chapter 04
5. Chapter 05
6. Chapter 06
7. Chapter 07
8. Chapter 08
9. Chapter 09
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11
12. Chapter 12

MARK F. SONNENSCHEIN, Ph.D.

The Dow Chemical Company
Midland, MI, USA

Copyright 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Sonnenschein, Mark F.
Polyurethanes : Science, Technology, Markets, and Trends / Mark F. Sonnenschein, PhD, the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA.
pagescm
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-73783-5 (cloth)
1.Polyurethanes.I.Title.
TP1180.P8S56 2015
668.4239dc23
2014023089

Cover Images: Copolymer picture courtesy of Robert Vastenhout, WAXS color picture courtesy of Brian Landes, and TEM picture courtesy of Robert Cieslinski

Dedicated to my wife Geraldine Franklin Sonnenschein for her beauty, kindness, and endless support, and to my children Matthew, Anne, and Susan for the inspiration and the laughs.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to the people who have helped me through the years and provided fertile ground for growth. Particularly I would like to mention my Dow colleagues whom I have worked with in the field of polyurethanes over the past 20 years. First I would like to mention my constant collaborator Benjamin Wendt who has worked with me closely in the lab for many years, and excelled at making hard things work easily. Many people have provided guidance, encouragement, and excellent collaboration over the years. Especially I would like to mention Prof. Alan Schrock, Dr. Justin Virgili, Dr. Mark Cox, Dr. Jack Kruper, Dr. Chris Christenson, Dr. Valeriy Ginzburg, Dr. Jozef Bicerano, Mr. Will Koonce, Prof. Tony Ryan, Dr. David Babb, Dr. Robbyn Prange, Dr. Nelson Rondan, Dr. Maria Pollard, Dr. Jorge Jimenez, Dr. Kshitish Patankar, Dr. Steve Guillaudeu, Dr. Cecile Boyer, Dr. Steve Montgomery, Dr. Brian Landes, Dr. Steve Webb, and Dr. John Kramer.

I would also like to recognize the great support I received from the Dow Chemical Company in writing this book. Particularly I would like to mention Dr. Jai Venkatesan, Dr. David Bem, and Dr. Florian Schattenmann for giving me the encouragement, time, resources, and freedom to realize this vision.

Lastly I would like to acknowledge the people who gave me my scientific foundations and inspired in me a love of experiment and a respect for theory. Particularly I would like to mention Prof. Richard G. Weiss (Georgetown University), Dr. C. Michael Roland (The United States Naval Research Lab), and Prof. Gordon Johnson (Kenyon College) for putting up with me in my early years.

In the early 1900s, there were very few of the synthetic polymers we have grown accustomed to now. During succeeding years, polymer science experienced explosive growth with the invention of polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 1913), polyethylene (1933), polyvinylidene chloride (Saran, 1933), polyamides (nylon, 1934), and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, 1938). In addition, during the 1930s, the polymer family known as polyurethanes was invented. Now, of course, polyurethanes, and all the polymers developed during this period, have become an integral part of modern life. As you read this, you may not be aware of how many ways polyurethanes surround you. They are present in the shoes you stand in, the seat cushion you sit upon, the carpet backing and foam pad underlay you walk upon, the fibers of your clothing, insulation of your walls and roof, your refrigerator, dishwasher, water heater, automotive seating, automotive structural foam, automotive paints and coatings, furniture coatings, your bed mattress, and the adhesive holding this book togetherthe list just goes on. This books purpose is to explain polyurethane science, technology, applications, trends, and markets in virtually all of its forms and relate those structures to the properties that make them so suited for so many uses. It is not an overstatement to say that polyurethanes are, if not the most versatile class of materials, then certainly one of the most versatile polymer categories in existence.

Discovery of polyurethane chemistry is attributed to the efforts of Otto Bayer and the research team he led at the now defunct I.G. Farben AG chemical company. The first patent associated with polyurethanes was filed in 1937, and numerous other patents, most notably the production of flexible foams resulting from isocyanatewater reactions, were filed thereafter. I.G. Farben was broken up following World War II for complicity in war crimes, and the companys top leaders were convicted for crimes against humanity (exploitation of slave labor and production of nerve gas). The largest surviving components of I.G. Farben, Bayer AG and BASF SE, remain very large and respected global chemical concerns and very large producers of polyurethane chemicals.