Tao Le - First Aid for the Basic Sciences

Organ Systems

Second Edition

SENIOR EDITORS

TAO LE, MD, MHS

Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics

Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology

Department of Medicine

University of Louisville

KENDALL KRAUSE, MD

Resident, General Preventive Medicine/Public Health

Colorado School of Public Health

EDITORS

ELIZABETH EBY HALVORSON, MD

Resident, Pediatrics

Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center

WILLIAM L. HWANG, MSc

MD-PhD Student

Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology

Harvard Medical School

Copyright 2012, 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-07-174595-6
MHID: 0-07-174595-5

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-174395-2, MHID: 0-07-174395-2.

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.

McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com.

Notice

Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.

The following material was reproduced, with permission, from Le T et al, First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011: Figures 1-16, 1-17, 1-19, 1-27, 1-29, 1-30, 1-72, 2-24, 2-25, 3-3, 3-13, 3-18, 4-7, 4-9, 4-10, 4-12, 6-3, 6-9, 6-51, 8-3, 8-11, 8-17, 8-20, 8-27, 9-16, 9-18, 9-30, 10-14, 10-18, 10-19, and 10-24; Tables 1-13, 2-16, 2-18, 2-20, and 6-19.

TERMS OF USE

This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hills prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.

THE WORK IS PROVIDED AS IS. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.

DEDICATION

To the contributors to this and future editions, who took time to share their knowledge, insight, and humor for the benefit of students.

and

To our families, friends, and loved ones, who supported us in the task of assembling this guide.

Keli L. Beck
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Class of 2011

Shalini Bumb
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Class of 2011

Po-Hao Howard Chen
Harvard Medical School
Class of 2012

Michael S. Clemens
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Class of 2012

Michael Coulter
Harvard Medical School
Class of 2014

Annie Dude
Pritzker School of Medicine
University of Chicago
Class of 2011

Daniel J. Durand, MD
Instructor and Fellow
Radiology and Radiological Sciences
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Shantanu K. Gaur
Harvard Medical School
Class of 2012

Thomas Hickey
Harvard Medical School
Class of 2011

Katie Lee Hwang, MSc
Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program
Harvard Medical School

Vamsi K. Kancherla
Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Class of 2011

Robert M. Koffie, PhD
Harvard Medical School
Class of 2013

Wendy W. Liu
Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program
Harvard Medical School

Justin H. Lo
Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program
Harvard Medical School

Behrouz Namdari, MD
Duke Psychiatry Residency
Class of 2014

Jason B. ONeal
Wake Forest School of Medicine