M K - Kids can code, Elders also can: Create a simple game using Python

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Table of Contents

Random number generation ........................................................................................................11

Preface

The power of imitating!

I am talking about people beginning to learn coding. Observe the children. Children start singing by imitating, dancing by imitating, speaking by imitating- almost every skill by imitating. The grammar and nuances come later.

For learning coding also, you do not have to wait to learn every piece of its grammar. Get going, start doing small, small things. Learn things on the go. When you start enjoying the small, small wins, you will be fueled, and you will surmount every obstacle.

So, take the plunge now!
Premarajan

Part I: The game Tic-tac-toe

Lets plunge:

Let us try to learn some basic concepts of Python along with coding of the game of TicTac-Toe. The game rules for Tic-Tac-Toe are:

The game board of 9 cells is formed by a grid of 3 rows and 3 columns.
Two players choose and mark the cells by turn.
Whoever completes a continuous row, column or diagonal first, wins.
A player cannot select a cell which has already been marked.
If all cells get marked without either of the player not winning, the game is a Tie.
Let us consider a game played against the computer. Let us assign X to the computer and O to the player for marking their choices.

The game design

Make the Game Board
Display the game rules
Display the board
Choose one player and open the game
Select the cell and mark it
Test if the selection is valid

Test if the input is in range
Test if the input is valid
Test if the cell is already taken

Mark the cell chosen and pass the turn till either wins or cells are exhausted
Ending of the game

X wins
O wins
Tie

Declare the result
Option to start a new game or to exit

Coding of the game

Let us head to coding of the game straight away.

The above code defines the structure of the game. We have imported two modules, time and random and defined the variables game_still_going, board, line1 and line2 . We have completed coding of the function beg_game() . In this function, we have defined a global variable, winner and it has been given a value None . This variable has been defined as global so that if the game has to be replayed before exiting, the value will be initialized. This also contains the instructions for playing the game and an invitation to play. This includes a 5-0 countdown to signal the start of the game as well.

This is followed by defining the functions, display_board() , my_turn() , your_turn() , check_winner() and check_if_tie() . While we have defined the structure , we have not written the codes for any of the functions, other than a statement pass. We have placed a pass statement under each of these functions, so that no error will be displayed on account of non-completion of the respective codes.
Then the function play_game() is introduced. There, we have added the code for printing the local time and called the function beg_game() . We have also called the function display_board() .However at this stage, there is nothing to be displayed. We have also called the built-in function input() in the last line so that the screen waits for the input before exiting the program. Once we press enter, the program will be exited. Finally, we call the function play_game() .

On executing the code that we have completed so far; we get the following output:

Time Local time and countdown

Python time module

To make available, the functions relating to time, we must import the time module first. Python works on the concept of epoch which starts from January 1 st , 1970, 00.00.00. If we ask for the time(>>>time.time()), python gives the number of seconds elapsed starting from the epoch. If we want the local time, we must convert the seconds elapsed. We can use the following function for this:

>time.ctime()
It takes seconds elapsed as the argument and converts it to date and time. Please see the screen shot below for example:
Countdown

Have a look at the code. Here we are implementing a 5 second countdown through a for loop. We have saved the value 5 to the variable num_seconds . We have specified the range value as num_seconds+1 so that the number 5 also will be printed. As we want the countdown to start at 5 and end with 0 , we have used reversed order. Also, the printing happens only if the value of countdown is > 0. Look at the print statement. It prints the number and then prints ... The end= command, ensures all printings are on the same line. flush = True ensures that printing takes place immediately without buffering. After print, it waits for 1 second as commanded by time.sleep(1) . If countdown = 0, it just prints Go! in the same line. So, we have an effective implementation of countdown.

Display board

Now let us code the display board function and remove the pass statement.
You call this function from within the my_turn() function. The following game board will be exhibited.

We have used the variables, line1,line2, board and a few print statements, to display the game board. Please note that the variable board contains a list consisting of numbers 1-9. The list index starts from 0, and at board[0] , the number is 1, and at board[1] the number is 2 and so on.

So far, we have been setting the environment for the game by importing the time module and random module. We have also defined the required variables. We have completed coding of two functions beg_game() and display_board() . The game rules are set, and the game board is ready!

Now, according to the rules set, the computer has to make the first move. To implement this, let us code the function my_turn() .
The code above completes the third function my_turn() . Please have a look at the last function play_game() shown in the game structure at the beginning. Call the function my_turn() after beg_game() . play_game() will now look as follows:

play_game():
print(time.ctime())
beg_game()
my_turn()
input()

If you run our program now, it will give the following output:

Let us examine the function my_turn() in detail.

To start with, all cells are vacant but when the game progress, cells get filled up. So, you must know which cells are vacant to make your choice. For recording the positions which are vacant, a list ch_list is created. In order to identify the cells which are not already chosen, a for loop is created to iterate through the list named board, which has values from 1-9. When a list element whose value is not equal to X or O is encountered, its value is appended to ch_list . So, the computer must choose one position from the ch_list . The computer makes its choice from the ch_list at random. In fact, for the game to be realistic, the computer must use a little intelligence, which we will introduce later. For the time being, let us go by random choice rather than by reasoned choice.

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