Frederick B. Rudolph - Biotechnology: science, engineering, and ethical challenges for the twenty-first century
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Biotechnology: science, engineering, and ethical challenges for the twenty-first century
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Biotechnology - the manipulation of the basic building blocks of life - is rapidly advancing in laboratories, raising serious issues for scientists and nonscientists alike. Who will decide what is safe? Who will have access to our personal genetic information? What are the risks? Biotechnology offers straightforward explanations of the basic science and provides insight into these questions.
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Biotechnology : Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the Twenty-first Century
author
:
Rudolph, Frederick B.
publisher
:
National Academies Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0309052823
print isbn13
:
9780309052825
ebook isbn13
:
9780585025339
language
:
English
subject
Biotechnology, Biotechnology--Social aspects.
publication date
:
1996
lcc
:
TP248.2.B574 1996eb
ddc
:
660/.6
subject
:
Biotechnology, Biotechnology--Social aspects.
Biotechnology
Science, Engineering, And Ethical Challenges For The Twenty-First Century
Frederick B. Rudolph and Larry V. McIntire, Editors
JOSEPH HENRY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1996
JOSEPH HENRY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
The Joseph Henry Press, an imprint of the National Academy Press, was created with the goal of making books on science, technology, and health more widely available to profes- sionals and the public. Joseph Henry was one of the founders of the National Academy of Sciences and a leader of early American science.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biotechnology: science, engineering, and ethical challenges for the 21st century / Frederick B. Rudolph and Larry V. McIntire, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-05282-3 1. Biotechnology. 2. BiotechnologySocial aspects. I. Rudolph, Frederick B. II. McIntire, Larry V. TP248.2.B574 1996 660'.6dc20 95-44203 CIP
Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Dedication
DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF Jos E. Tras
who was vice president and general counsel of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute from 1992 through May 1994. His remarks at the DeLange Conference, included in this book, exemplified his wisdom about the law, science, and life.
Page v
Preface
[H]umanity is always mistrustful of any radical change, especially so in any field that touches their feelings and instincts. All large biological discoveries are bound to affect human feelings and instincts, and so they will always by a great proportion of mankind be greeted as impious, immoral and indecent.
Julian Huxley, Professor of Biology, Rice University, 1924
[Biotechnology is defined as] techniques that use living organisms to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, and develop micro-organisms for specific purposes.
Definition in use by the National Research Council, 1994
Genetically engineered food, gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting: these are the "sound bite" phrases that define the extent of many people's knowledge of biotechnology as the twenty-first century approaches. Yet biotechnology promises to alter people's lives as radically in the next century as did electricity, telecommunications, and the automobile in the twentieth century.
During the past two decades rapid advances in biotechnology have sparked both great interest and intense debate among scientists and non-scientists alike. This volume is intended to increase awareness and stimulate discussion of both the great opportunities and the difficult challenges that advances in biotechnology present for science and for society.
Biotechnology is first and foremost a set of scientific discoveries and
Page vi
techniques that make it possible to manipulate the basic building blocks of life: DNA molecules and genes. This technology holds the promise of curing disease, repairing environmental damage, and improving the quality and quantity of agricultural production.
Biotechnology is also an industry that had $6 billion in annual sales in 1993 and is growing rapidly, attracting millions of dollars in investment capital and employing thousands of people.
Many people perceive biotechnology as a threat: not only a threat to accepted ways of being, doing, and working, but also an affront to basic moral values. Tinkering with the genetic makeup of living things (especially human beings) is, in the eyes of many, simply wrong. End of discussion.
Except that it isn't the end of the discussion. Biotechnology will not go away if people shut their eyes to it. It is a reality that will significantly affect how individuals live, work, and make decisions about family, health care, and the future.
Nowhere are the opportunities and challenges of biotechnology thrown into sharper relief than in health care. Therapeutic proteins such as insulin, Factor VIII, and human growth hormone are now being manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. Gene therapy experiments have been approved for the treatment of patients with enzyme deficiencies, inherited high blood cholesterol, arthritis, cancer, and other diseases.
Skin, cartilage, blood vessels, and other body tissues are being "grown" in the laboratory. If such tissue engineering can be made to work on a large scale, it may eventually be unnecessary to obtain tissues and organs from human donors for transplantation.
Scientists have succeeded in identifying genes associated with cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, breast and colon cancer, and other disorders, making it possible to identify people at high risk for these conditions years before they develop any symptoms. This capability raises enormous questions: Who has access to an individual's genetic information? How might prospective parents react when told that the fetus the woman is carrying has the gene for a devastating illness? Are all the discoveries and techniques of biotechnology necessarily beneficial to society?
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