John Barnatt - An Upland Biography: Landscape and Prehistory on Gardoms Edge, Derbyshire

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An Upland Biography

Landscape and Prehistory on Gardoms Edge, Derbyshire

John Barnatt, Bill Bevan & Mark Edmonds

with contributions by

Pauline Beswick, Kevin Cootes, Caroline Jackson & Patrick Quinn

Windgather Press is an imprint of Oxbow Books

Published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by

OXBOW BOOKS

The Old Music Hall, 106108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE

and in the United States by

OXBOW BOOKS

1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083

Windgather Press and John Barnatt, Bill Bevan & Mark Edmonds, 2017

ISBN 978-1-911188-15-5 (paperback edn)

ISBN 978-1-911188-16-2 (epub)

ISBN 978-1-911188-17-9 (mobi)

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.

For a complete list of Windgather titles, please contact:

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OXBOW BOOKS	OXBOW BOOKS
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Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate group

List of Illustrations

The Peak District with places and sites mentioned in the text

The Peak Districts eastern moors and the distribution of prehistoric fields and cairnfields

Gritstone crags on Gardoms Edge

Gardoms Edge, showing the prehistoric remains on both the northern and southern halves, and a selection of later agricultural, industrial and transport features

The distribution of houses, agricultural features and monuments on the northern half of Gardoms Edge

Selected early lithic artefacts recovered during fieldwork

The main rock art slab

Rock art slab in its landscape setting

The large northern cairn ( Trench 99/3 )

The faade of large boulders at the north end of the large cairn at Trench 99/3

Polished knife from Trench 99/3

Standing stone on Gardoms Edge

The large scarp edge enclosure

Surface appearance of stone banked enclosure in central area, Zone A

Boulder strewn ground in the interior of the large enclosure

The blocked eastern entrance at the scarp-edge enclosure ( Trench 95/1 )

A section of excavated bank at the scarp-edge enclosure ( Trench 96/3 )

The enclosure bank at Trench 96/3 , looking south

The enclosure bank at Trench 96/3 , looking west

The northern entrance at the scarp-edge enclosure, showing the bank imposed on natural earthfasts

The northern entrance at the scarp-edge enclosure

The enclosure bank at Trench 98/2

Zone A, the south-western scarp-top area with its large enclosure and cairnfield

Small clearance features on and against a large earthfast boulder in Zone A ( Trench 95/4 )

The cairn at Trench 95/4

Clearance cairns in Zone A ( Trench 95/5 and 96/7 ) and the small funerary cairn between field zones A and B ( Trench 97/4 )

The cairn at Trench 96/7 showing the cist-like setting at one end

Linear clearance and cairns in Zone A ( Trench 95/6 )

Trench 95/6 , looking south-east

Trench 95/6 , looking north-west

The complex linear boundaries and cairns near the rock art slab in Zone A ( Trenches 95/3 , 96/4 and 96/5 )

Trench 96/5

Trench 96/4 , looking north-east

Trench 96/4 , showing the carefully built bank at the south-western end of the northern boundary

Zone B, the south-eastern area with its associated cairnfield on the Redmires Flags ridge

A damaged multi-phased cairn in Zone B ( Trench 97/5 )

Cairn 97/5 nearly 20 years after reinstatement

Banks, lynchets and cairns in Zones B and C ( Trenches 99/5 , 99/6 , 99/9 , 99/10 & 99/11 )

Trench at the eastern side of the small Zone B enclosure

Trench at the western side of the small Zone B

Trench 97/4

Trench 97/5 looking south-east

Trench at the south-eastern corner of the small Zone B enclosure ( Trench 97/1 )

The south-eastern corner of the small Zone B enclosure

Zone C, the northern scarp-top area with its associated

Linear clearance in Zone C ( Trench 99/7 )

Linear clearance in Zone C

Trench 99/4 , looking west

House 1 showing all stone features

House 1 , showing the door postholes and stakeholes

House 1 , showing the cremation pit, with associated setting

House 1 under excavation in 1995

House 1 , showing the distribution of Post Deverill Rimbury sherds

House 1 , showing artefact distributions

Querns and rubber recovered from House 1

House 2 , showing all stone features ( Trenches 98/1 and 99/1 )

House 2 , showing all postholes, pits, stakeholes and earthfasts

Lead object from House 2

House 2 , interpretative plan

House 2 , showing artefact distribution

House 2 at an early stage in the excavation, in 1998

An example of a well-defined posthole with stone packing at House 2

House 2 , showing the distribution of flintwork (dots)

The stone settings of House 2 nearly 20 years after reinstatement

House 3 ( Trench 99/8 )

House 3 at an early stage in the excavation

House 3 feature plan and artifact distributions

Pit alignment in Zone B

The pit alignment ( Trench 98/3 )

The pit alignment ( Trench 99/2 )

One of the excavated pits with clay lining at Trench 98/3

On Birchen Edge, looking south across the lower slopes of Gardoms Edge towards the Chatsworth Moors

On Baslow edge, looking north towards Curbar Edge

The central area of prehistoric remains on Big Moor, north of Gardoms Edge

The prehistoric fields and cairnfields at Beeley Warren

B1. Early pottery from Gardoms Edge

B2. Pottery from House 1 and Trench 97/5

B3. Pottery from Houses 2 and

C1. Generalized geological map of the Peak District National Park

C2. Photomicrographs of selected Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age ceramics and daub samples from Gardoms Edge, and comparative raw material field samples analysed in this report

F1. Worked Shale from Houses 1 and

G1. Lead object from House 2

Tables

4.1. Radiocarbon dates (at two sigma) from features associated with the enclosure

6.1. Radiocarbon dates (at two sigma) from features associated with buildings

A1. Flaked stone recovered during excavations

A2. Raw materials, reduction sequences and condition of flaked stone

B1. Quantities of first millennium BC pottery found on each house site

D1. Composition of the blue glass beads from Gardoms Edge, Derbyshire, and comparative low magnesium glass compositions

CHAPTER ONE

Biographies of Landscape

The uplands of Britain hold a prominent place in the archaeological imagination. Walk across elevated terrain in many regions and youll encounter upstanding cairns, boundaries, enclosures, standing stones and other monuments, many of them prehistoric in origin. Revealed by low sunlight or by your feet as you stumble through heather and bracken, these features survive largely as a consequence of historic patterns of ownership and land-use. Set apart from areas where improvement and the plough have bitten more deeply, these stretches of more elevated country often retain the surface signature of human engagements with land that stretch back more than five thousand years.

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