Lucille H. Campey - With axe and Bible : the Scottish pioneers of New Brunswick, 1784-1874

Prince Edward Islands Scottish Pioneers, 17701850 (2001, 2007)

Fast Sailing and Copper-Bottomed
Aberdeen Sailing Ships and the Emigrant Scots
They Carried to Canada, 17741855 (2002)

The Silver Chief
Lord Selkirk and the Scottish Pioneers of
Belfast, Baldoon and Red River (2003)

After the Hector
The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton,
17731852 (2004, 2007)

The Scottish Pioneers of Upper Canada, 17841855
Glengarry and Beyond (2005)

Les cossais
The Pioneer Scots of Lower Canada, 17631855 (2006)

LUCILLE H. CAMPEY

N ATURAL H ERITAGE B OOKS
A M EMBER OF T HE D UNDURN G ROUP
T ORONTO

Copyright 2007 by Lucille H. Campey

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanic, photocopying or otherwise (except for brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from Access Copyright.

Published by Natural Heritage Books

A Member of The Dundurn Group

3 Church Street, Suite 500

Toronto, Ontario, M5E 1M2, Canada

www.dundurn.com

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Campey, Lucille H.

With axe and bible : the Scottish pioneers of New Brunswick, 1784-1874 / Lucille H. Campey.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-897045-22-0

1. ScotsNew BrunswickHistory18th century. 2. ScotsNew BrunswickHistory19th century. 3. ScotlandEmigration and immigrationHistory. 4. New BrunswickEmigration and immigrationHistory. 5. ImmigrantsNew BrunswickHistory. 6. ShipsScotlandPassenger lists. I. Title.

FC5000.S3C35 2007 971.510049163 C2007-902222-7

1 2 3 4 5 11 10 09 08 07

Front cover:Among the Pines:A First Settlement, published by Currier & Ives, c. 1873. Hand-coloured lithograph, copied from a painting by William Henry Bartlett (180954). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada C-040688, W.H. Coverdale Collection of Canadiana. Back cover: Steam Ferry Boat and Rafting Timber on St. John River near Fredericton. Watercolour by William Smyth Maynard Wolfe (183272). Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada Acc. No. 1P85-3-70.

Cover design by Neil Thorne

Text design by Norton Hamill Design

Edited by Jane Gibson

Printed and bound in Canada by Tri-Graphic Printing (Ottawa) Limited

Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credits in subsequent editions.

We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program and The Association for the Export of Canadian Books and the Government of Canada through the Ontario Book Publishers Tax Credit Program and the Ontario Media Development Corporation.

TABLES

FIGURES

I am indebted to many people. I wish to particularly thank Robbie Gilmore, archivist at the Public Archives of New Brunswick, in Fredericton, for his help and guidance. I am also indebted to Patricia Belier of the University of New Brunswick Archives, also in Fredericton, who helped me find my way through a number of important sources. Melanie St-Armour, Mary Bond and Nicole Watier, of the Genealogy Division of Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa, showed remarkable patience in dealing with my many requests and went to the ends of the earth to find items for me. I was also assisted by Alison Fraser of the Orkney Library and Archives in Kirkwall, who checked shipping sources for me. I thank Jack Dunn, a member of the British Isles Family History Society of Greater Ottawa, for his helpful information on Scottish ship arrivals in Richibucto. I also wish to thank the staff at the National Library of Scotland, the National Archives of Scotland, and the Aberdeen University Library for their help. Mrs. Phyllis Corbett of North York (Toronto, Ontario) gave me some useful pointers on where to find data and I thank her for taking the trouble to write to me. I also owe a special thank you to the New Brunswick Genealogical Society. The Societys journal, Generations, contained many well-researched articles on individual Scots and their settlements, which were invaluable to me.

I am grateful to the many people who have assisted me in obtaining illustrations. In particular I thank Brian Perry, collections assistant at the Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton and Wanda Lyons of the Public Archives of New Brunswick. I also thank Pam Williams of the Central Library Birmingham, England and Gillian Reddyhoff, curator of the Ontario Art Collection in Toronto for their help.

As ever I am indebted to my publisher, Natural Heritage, for its continued support. I thank Jane Gibson for her help in locating documentary sources and in guiding me through the editing phase and Shannon MacMillan for her valuable assistance. I also thank Norton Hamill Design for their wonderful design work. I wish finally to thank my dear friend Jean Lucas for casting her eye over the original manuscript and providing me with such helpful comments. Most of all I thank my husband, Geoff. He has produced the tables, figures and appendices, located or photographed the illustrations and has done some of the background research for the book. Without his help the book could not have been written.

The story of the New Brunswick Scots is largely untold. While a great deal has been written about some of the individual settlements that were founded by Scots, no overview of the total picture has ever been attempted. This may be due partly to the relatively short-lived dominance that Scots enjoyed as colonizers. Although they were especially well-represented in the late 18th and early 19th century influx of British immigrants to the province, they quickly became outnumbered by other ethnic groups, especially the Irish.

New Brunswick had been far less successful in attracting Scots than say Nova Scotia, Cape Breton or Prince Edward Island, mainly acquiring individuals rather than large well-organized groups. Its more land-locked location and vast impenetrable forests were off-putting to many Scots. Yet, paradoxically, it soon became clear to me that these same forests were an enormous magnet for what might be called independently-minded Scots. They were the self-financing, enterprising ones who could see the benefits to be had from New Brunswicks hugely important timber trade. In learning how the timber trade developed, I turned to Graeme Wynns splendid