Ronald Clarke - Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst

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Become a Problem Solving Crime Analyst

In 55 small steps

Become a Problem Solving Crime Analyst

In 55 small steps

Ronald V. Clarke
John Eck

First published by 2003

UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science
University College London

This edition published 2013

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Ronald Clarke and John Eck 2003

All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting copying in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N8TS.

ISBN: 978-0-9545607-0-6

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Project management by Deer Park Productions

Design and typeset by Pantek Arts Ltd

Ronald Clarke
Ronald Clarke is Professor of Criminal Justice at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, and Visiting Professor at the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He worked for many years in the Home Office Research and Planning Unit where he contributed to the development of situational crime prevention and the British Crime Survey. He has recently undertaken case studies of problem-oriented policing together with Herman Goldstein. He helped to develop the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing and the Problem-Oriented Guide Series for the US Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Dr Clarke is chair of the judges for the annual Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. He can be reached at: rclarke@andromeda.rutgers.edu

John Eck
John Eck is Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. He has contributed to the development of problem-oriented policing since 1984 when he studied the first full scale attempt to implement the concept in the United States at Newport News, Virginia. He helped to develop a number of now standard techniques in problem solving, including the SARA model and the crime analysis triangle. He was a cofounder of the International Problem-Oriented Policing Conference held annually in San Diego. Dr Eck has served as consultant to the London Metropolitan Police and since 1999 has been a judge for the Tilley Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. He can be reached at: john.eck@uc.edu

Acknowledgements

In assembling this manual we have drawn freely on the work of many colleagues ana friends to whom we owe a large debt of gratitude. Those who have commented on drafts of or supplied material for the manual include: Pat and Paul Brantingham, Andy Brumwell, Rachel Boba, Kate Bowers, Barbie Brookover, Spencer Chainey, Paul Ekblom, Graham Farrell, Bonnie Fisher, Herman Goldstein, Alex Hirschfield, Shane Johnson, Scott Keay, Johannes Knutsson, Gloria Laycock, Mangai Natarajan, Michael Maxfield, Ken Pease, Nanci Plouffe, Barry Poyner, Jerry Ratcliffe, George Rengert, Nick Ross, Kim Rossmo, Karin Schmerler, Nick Tilley, Julie Wartell, Barry Webb and John Wooldredge. We owe special thanks to Marcus Felson who helped design the manual and who supplied material for some of the sections. Finally, we thank the Home Office for sponsoring our work.

The 55 Steps

Foreword

You who read this manual are more important than perhaps you think. Crime analysts are not well-known to the general public. You don't star in peak-time TV series or big-screen movies as do behavioural profilers or forensic scientists. Even some of your colleagues in the police aren't sure what you're about. But you are the new face of policing.

For years the police have contented themselves with chasing individual crimes after they have taken place. Crimes have been regarded as episodes to be detected, and if they result in a conviction the case is thought to be 'solved'.

This is manifestly mad. So mad, in fact, it is astonishing that society hasn't rumbled it, complained very loudly and demanded a smarter approach. Running after crooks relentlessly is too late, like catching the horse (if you're lucky) after it has bolted for the hundredth time rather than learning how to lock the stable door. It is as though when aircraft crashed we contented ourselves with finding someone to blame rather than changing procedures or amending designs.

When people do consider causes of crime they tend to talk of distant issues that cannot be changed quickly (like parenting or poverty); they neglect the more immediate causes - things that it is often quite easy to influence. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that answers to crime are lying all around us waiting to be picked up. That is what this manual is all about.

But who will champion this new approach when almost all those in the crime industry have a vested interest in the status quo? The media prefer to see crime as a series of individual human dramas which every now and then reward them with juicy headlines. Lawyers are steeped in traditional ways of doing things (indeed they are taught that precedence is a virtue) and are broadly content with a system which puts them at the centre and feathers their nests. Most politicians, shuffling from one policy portfolio to another, reckon crime can be tackled intuitively which, for them, means being tougher if they're of conservative inclination, and softer if they're liberal. And many criminologists have been too interested in theorising to be of any practical value to anyone but themselves.

It has been left to a new breed of thoughtful police officers, plus a few diligent and unsung civil servants, and one or two enlightened politicians in high places, to recognise that a new approach is needed. This smarter way is based on the work of a precious minority of academics, many of whose names you will come across in these pages. They are mostly criminologists, but their brand of criminology is distinctive. For one thing it is intensely practical. It is concerned with outcomes. For another, it is much more truly scientific and evidence-driven than the impenetrable analysis that sometimes passes for good work in social science essays.

In short, they are consultants in crime reduction. Yet there has been nothing to distinguish these intensely practical people from the great majority of sociological theorists that populate schools of criminology and criminal justice. This led me to coin a term for them and for the new approach they champion: crime science .

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