Christina Weis - Surrogacy in Russia : an ethnography of reproductive labour, stratification and migration

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Emerald Studies in Reproduction, Culture and Society

Series Editors: Petra Nordqvist, Manchester University, UK and Nicky Hudson, De Montfort University, UK

This book series brings together scholars from across the social sciences and humanities who are working in the broad field of human reproduction. Reproduction is a growing field of interest in the UK and internationally, and this series publishes work from across the lifecycle of reproduction addressing issues such as conception, contraception, abortion, pregnancy, birth, infertility, pre and postnatal care, pre-natal screen and testing, IVF, prenatal genetic diagnosis, mitochondrial donation, surrogacy, adoption, reproductive donation, family-making and more. Books in this series will focus on the social, cultural, material, legal, historical and political aspects of human reproduction, encouraging work from early career researchers as well as established scholars. The series includes monographs, edited collections and shortform books (between 20 and 50,000 words). Contributors use the latest conceptual, methodological and theoretical developments to enhance and develop current thinking about human reproduction and its significance for understanding wider social practices and processes.

Published Titles in This Series

Lived Realities of Solo Motherhood, Donor Conception and Medically Assisted Reproduction

By Tine Ravn

When Reproduction meets Ageing: The Science and Medicine of the Fertility Decline

By Nolwenn Bhler

Egg Freezing, Fertility and Reproductive Choice

By Kylie Baldwin

The Cryopolitics of Reproduction on Ice: A New Scandinavian Ice Age

By Charlotte Krolkke, Thomas Sbirk Petersen, Janne Rothmar Herrmann, Anna Sofie Bach, Stine Willum Adrian, Rune Klingenberg and Michael Nebeling Petersen

Voluntary and Involuntary Childlessness

Edited by Natalie Sappleton

Surrogacy in Russia: An Ethnography of Reproductive Labour, Stratification and Migration

By

CHRISTINA WEIS

De Montfort University, UK

United Kingdom North America Japan India Malaysia China

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Copyright 2021 Christina Weis

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited

Cover art copyright 2020 Philipp Weis, Whose motherhood? Used with permission.

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83982-897-3 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-896-6 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-898-0 (Epub)

To my parents, Hildegard and Karl Weis

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Figure 1.1.	Sketches of Olesya Concealing Her Surrogacy Pregnancy. Fieldnotes.
Figure 2.1.	Newspaper Advertisement by a Commercial Agency Inviting Women to become Surrogates and Egg Donors.
Figure 2.2.	Online Advertisement by a Commercial Agency Inviting Women to become Surrogates.
Figure 2.3.	Social Media Post Advertising Surrogacy and Final Compensation.
Figure 3.1.	Meddesk Medical Adverts. Highlighted: The Portal for Advertisements for Surrogacy.
Figure 3.2.	I will be a s[urrogate] m[other].
Figure 3.3.	Family is searching for a surmama.
Figure 4.1.	Stork from Chelyabinsk. I will move, if required.
Figure 4.2.	Surrogate mother. Test results [available]. Ready to change residence.
Figure 4.3.	I will carry your baby.
Figure 4.4.	Screenshot of Agency Website: Compensation Based on Women's Origin.
Figure 4.5.	Platzkartniy Category Train Compartment.
Figure 4.6.	View from My Platzkartniy Upper Bunk Bed onto My Travel Companion Preparing His Supper.
Figure A3.1.	My Footprints on Frozen Lake Kavgolovo.
Figure A3.2.	Taking the Opportunity to Catch Some February Sun in a Park in St Petersburg.
Figure A4.1.	Marcella's Neighbourhood.
Figure A4.2.	The Road Leading to the Agency Accommodation.
Figure A4.3.	The Village Square and Store.

Note on Conversion

In this book, I provide an average conversion rate from the Russian Rouble to British Pound Sterling calculated for the time of my second data collection in 2014/2015.

In the winter of 2014, the Russian currency experienced a strong inflation. To illustrate, a common final compensation of 800,000 for a surrogacy arrangement in St. Petersburg fluctuated between approximately 13,300 in August 2014, 9,950 in December 2014 and 10,200 in May 2015.

Payments for surrogacy pregnancies in Russia commonly entail the details as listed in the table below. Because of the fluctuation of the Russian Rouble over the course of my research, I am rendering a conversion to British Pound Sterling based on an average for 2014/2015.

Costs	Russian Rouble	British Pound Sterling
Final compensation (full term, healthy delivery)	800,000950,000	13,28015,770
Addition for twin pregnancy	150,000200,000	2,4903,320
Addition for caesarean section	150,000200,000	2,4903,320
Monthly allowance	20,00025,000	332415
Monthly allowance (twins)	25,00035,000	415581

Acknowledgements

There are so many people who supported me, inspired me and contributed to this book.

I want to start with those who allowed me to study their work and lives, the surrogacy workers and client parents in Russia. Thank you for trusting me and sharing openly with me your experiences, feelings, worries and hopes that you so often concealed so carefully from your own families and friends. For sake of confidentiality I cannot name you, and the same applies to all the medical professionals who acted as gatekeepers and consultants. Thank you for giving me your time, for helping me get insights and access and slowly building a network.

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