Ann Kumar - Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation

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Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan

This iconoclastic work on the prehistory of Japan and of South East Asia challenges entrenched views on the origins of Japanese society and identity. The social changes that took place in Japan in the time-period when the Jmon culture was replaced by the Yayoi culture were of exceptional magnitude, going far beyond those of the so-called Neolithic Revolution in other parts of the world. They included not only a new way of life based on wet-rice agriculture but also the introduction of metalworking in both bronze and iron, and furthermore a new architecture functionally and ritually linked to rice cultivation, a new religion and a hierarchical society characterized by a belief in the divinity of the ruler. Because of its immense and enduring impact the Yayoi period has generally been seen as the very foundation of Japanese civilization and identity.

In contrast to the common assumption that all the Yayoi innovations came from China and Korea, this work combines exciting new scientific evidence from such different fields as rice genetics, DNA and historical linguistics to show that the major elements of Yayoi civilization actually came, not from the north, but from the south.

Ann Kumar is Professor in the Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, and former Vice-President of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia

1. Imperial Tombs in Tang China, 618907
   The politics of paradise
   Tonia Eckfeld
   
2. Elite Theatre in Ming China, 13681644
   Grant Guangren Shen
   
3. Marco Polos China
   A Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan
   Stephen G. Haw
   
4. The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China
   My service in the army, by Dzengeo
   Introduction, Translation and Notes by Nicola Di Cosmo
   
5. Past Human Migrations in East Asia
   Matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics
   Edited by Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, Roger Blench, Malcolm D. Ross, Ilia Peiros and Marie Lin
   
6. Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan
   Language, genes and civilization
   Ann Kumar
   

Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan

Language, genes and civilization

Ann Kumar

First published 2009
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

2009 Ann Kumar

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Kumar, Ann, 1943
Globalizing the prehistory of Japan : language, genes and civilization / Ann Kumar.
p. cm.
1. Yayoi culture. 2. JapanHistoryTo 645. I. Title.
GN776.2.Y3K86 2008
952.01dc22 2008023978

ISBN 0-203-88643-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0-7103-1313-6 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-88643-7 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-7103-1313-3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-88643-4 (ebk)

Illustrations

Figures

Eighteenth-century Japanese watercolours illustrating unlucky marks on horses

Eighteenth-century Japanese watercolour illustrating lucky marks on horses

A large bronze bell from island Southeast Asia

A Yayoi bell

Jmon pots

Some Yayoi pot types

Some Javanese pot types

Hybridization percentages of six ecotypes of rice

Changs two maps of 1975 and 1989

Craniometric graph from Li et al.

Figure from Kozintsevs cranioscopic study

Tables

Comparative timeline of Japanese and Indonesian prehistory

Early examples of cultivated rice

Sinodont and Sundadont populations

m6-cusp LM1

m4-cusp LM2

Deflecting wrinkle LM1

Distal Trigonid Crest LM1

Protostylid LM1

Cusp 7 LM1

Hypocone UM2

Carabelli Trait UM1

Shovelling UI1

Borrowings containing five segments

Sound correspondences in primary and secondary data between Old Javanese (OJAV) and Old Japanese (OJAP) consonants (A) and vowels (B)

Chance similarities in Hawaiian and ancient Greek vocabulary

Some borrowings using the modern languages

Acknowledgements

This research was carried out over a long period and over many diverse disciplines. So for much of this time the researcher was, inevitably, in terra incognita. The journey was often exciting, but also long and arduous. It would have been even more so, and most likely never reached its end, without the unselfish assistance of a substantial number of fine scholars in those diverse disciplines who gave up their precious time to assist me. I am particularly grateful to:

• Peter Bellwood, who promptly and patiently answered many difficult questions about prehistory.
• T.T.Chang (former Director of the International Rice Research Institute, Manila) for the many extremely helpful letters he wrote to me about the history of rice in Asia.
• Tony Diller, for his support and encouragement of my very tentative beginnings.
• The late Murayama Shichir, who gave me the benefit of his enormous knowledge even though he would have been quite justified in throwing my early efforts in the rubbish bin.
• Alexander Vovin (Department of East Asian Languages and Literature, University of Hawaii at Manoa), for his generous help at a later stage, despite the fact that for a long period his opinion on the history of Japanese differed radically from mine.
• Geoffrey Haig (University of Kiel), Harold Koch, James A. Matisoff (Professor Emeritus UC Berkeley Department of Linguistics), Bernd Nothofer (JW Goethe-Universitaet, Frankfurt), Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Cindy Allen, Royall Tyler and Sue Serjeantson who all provided very useful inputs.

I am also indebted to my reseach assistants, Genevieve Herbert, Sonia Kumar, Duncan McLaughlin, and Masayuki Onishi, whose contribution exceeded the minimal hours they were employed for, and to Pichit Roinil for his kind assistance.

Three people in particular must be singled out for special acknowledgement.

First, Simon Easteal, whose eminence in his field guarantees him an overcrowded schedule, which was further deranged by the arrival of someone who needed to study d-loops and clearly had no idea how to go about this. His remarkably generous assistance was essential to producing one of the first DNA-based studies showing a specific link between the Indonesian and Japanese populations.

Second, Peter Hendriks, for giving up his scarce research time to provide extremely valuable input on Japanese historical linguistics.

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