First published in Great Britain in 2017 by
Policy Press University of Bristol 1-9 Old Park Hill Bristol BS2 8BB UK Tel +44 (0)117 954 5940 e-mail
North American office: Policy Press c/oThe University of Chicago Press 1427 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637, USA t: +1 773 702 7700 f: +1 773-702-9756
Policy Press 2017
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 978-1-4473-3669-3 hardcover
ISBN 978-1-4473-3670-9 ePdf
ISBN 978-1-4473-3671-6 ePub
978-1-4473-3672-3 Mobi
The rights of Xiaoyuan Shang and Karen R. Fisher to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Policy Press.
The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the authors and not of the University of Bristol or Policy Press. The University of Bristol and Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication.
Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality.
Cover design by Qube Design Associates, Bristol
Front cover image: istock
Readers Guide
This book has been optimised for PDA.
Tables may have been presented to accommodate this devices limitations.
Image presentation is limited by this devices limitations.
Glossary and abbreviations
All names used in the book are aliases unless the case is in the public media or the person agreed to be named.
Affordable housing
Government low-cost housing available to disadvantaged families to purchase for home-ownership.
Alternative care
Care for children away from their birth parents, including state care, kinship care and other informal care.
BNU
Beijing Normal University.
Carer
Informal carers, including family, kin and friends, caring for children in alternative care.
Children and young people with disabilities
The book uses person-first language consistent with the UNCRPD style, that is child first, disability second.
De facto adoption
Informal adoption or foster care families without registration of the relationship or the child.
DPF
Disabled Persons Federation.
Hukou
Resident card registration.
Inclusive education
The book refers to inclusive education as supported education within a mainstream classroom or school. It contrasts with special education in a segregated environment.
Informal carer
Unpaid carers and kinship carers (contrasted with paid support workers). It includes informal or de facto adoption and foster care families, where the child is often an unregistered citizen.
Institutional care
Residential care in institutions, approximately 50 500 children in each institution. See also state child welfare institution.
Kinship care
Informal alternative care within the extended family of the orphan.
Low rental housing
Government public housing.
MCA
Ministry of Civil Affairs. Provincial and local levels of civil affairs are referred to as a department or bureau.
MLS
Minimum living security social security for low-income households, dibao.
NGO
Non-governmental organization.
Orphans allowance
Basic living security allowance for orphans.
RMB
Chinese dollar (Yuan, renminbi), 10 RMB = , 1.1.
State care
Government alternative care of state wards, which is the responsibility of local city state child welfare institutions.
State child welfare institution
Local government organization responsible for state wards, including organizing adoption and usually providing institutional care, and sometimes also other forms of alternative care in the community, such as foster care.
State guardianship or state ward
Child without known birth family or extended family in the guardianship of the state.
UNCRC
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990.