Helen Litton - Thomas Clarke: 16Lives

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The LIVES Series

JAMES CONNOLLY Lorcan Collins

MICHAEL MALLIN Brian Hughes

JOSEPH PLUNKETT Honor O Brolchain

EDWARD DALY Helen Litton

SEN HEUSTON John Gibney

ROGER CASEMENT Angus Mitchell

SEN MACDIARMADA Brian Feeney

THOMAS CLARKE Helen Litton

AMONN CEANNT Mary Gallagher

WILLIE PEARSE Roisn N Ghairbh

THOMAS MACDONAGH Shane Kenna

JOHN MACBRIDE Donal Fallon

THOMAS KENT Meda Ryan

CON COLBERT John OCallaghan

MICHAEL OHANRAHAN Conor Kostick

PATRICK PEARSE Run ODonnell

HELEN LITTON AUTHOR OF 16LIVES: THOMAS CLARKE

Helen Litton, freelance indexer and editor, has written a series of illustrated histories and edited Kathleen Clarke: Revolutionary Woman, an autobiography (1991). Helens paternal grandmother was Laura Daly OSullivan of Limerick, sister of Kathleen Daly, the wife of Thomas Clarke and of Commandant Edward Daly, whose biography Helen has written in the 16 Lives series.

LORCAN COLLINS SERIES EDITOR

Lorcan Collins was born and raised in Dublin. A lifelong interest in Irish history led to the foundation of his hugely-popular 1916 Walking Tour in 1996. He co-authored The Easter Rising: A Guide to Dublin in 1916 (OBrien Press, 2000) with Conor Kostick. His biography of James Connolly was published in the 16 Lives series in 2012. He is also a regular contributor to radio, television and historical journals. 16 Lives is Lorcans concept and he is co-editor of the series.

DR RUN ODONNELL SERIES EDITOR

Dr Run ODonnell is a senior lecturer at the University of Limerick. A graduate of University College Dublin and the Australian National University, ODonnell has published extensively on Irish Republicanism. Titles include Robert Emmet and the Rising of 1803, The Impact of 1916 (editor), Special Category, The IRA in English prisons 19681978 and The OBrien Pocket History of the Irish Famine. He is a director of the Irish Manuscripts Commission and a frequent contributor to the national and international media on the subject of Irish revolutionary history.

For Frank

I am grateful to The OBrien Press for giving me the opportunity to write this contribution to the study of Tom Clarke, a relatively neglected leader of the Easter Rising. I particularly thank my editor, Mary Webb, for her patience, and the series editors, Lorcan Collins and Run ODonnell.

Thanks are due to the following: Bill Hurley, archivist of the American Irish Historical Association, New York; The Bureau of Military History, Dublin; Siobhin de hir, of Dublin, who lent me her father-in-law amonns unpublished memoirs; the staff of the Brooklyn Public Library, New York; the staff of the John J Burns Library, Boston College; the staff of the Archives Department, University College Dublin; the staff of the National Library of Ireland. Thanks are also due to Linda Clayton, Association of Professional Genealogists in Ireland, for research into the Clarke family.

I am grateful to my husband Frank, Anthony and Kristen, Eleanor and Jim and our grandchildren Aoife and Aidan for all their help and support, and to all family and friends for listening to my moans about too much material and not enough time. Above all, I am deeply grateful to my uncle and aunt Edward and Laura Daly OSullivan, and my cousins Nra and Mairad de hir, all of Limerick, whose parents fought during the Easter Rising and who shared memories and anecdotes with me.

Finally, I pay tribute to my colleagues of Concerned Relatives of Signatories to the Proclamation Eamonn Ceannt, James Connolly Heron, Muriel McAuley, Pat MacDermott, Honor Brolchin, Lucille Redmond and Noel Scarlett. Along with other groups, we have been working to preserve the footprint of the retreat and surrender of the Easter Rising, all under threat of demolition. We are grateful that the National Monument of Nos 14-17 Moore Street has recently been reprieved by James Deenihan, Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, and we hope to see this whole battlefield secured and preserved for the centenary of the Easter Rising in 2016.

184551. The Great Hunger in Ireland. One million people die and over the next decades millions more emigrate.

1858, March 17. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, or Fenians, are formed with the express intention of overthrowing British rule in Ireland by whatever means necessary.

1867, February and March. Fenian Uprising.

1870, May. Home Rule movement founded by Isaac Butt, who had previously campaigned for amnesty for Fenian prisoners.

187981. The Land War. Violent agrarian agitation against English landlords.

1884, November 1. The Gaelic Athletic Association founded immediately infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB).

1893, July 31. Gaelic League founded by Douglas Hyde and Eoin MacNeill. The Gaelic Revival, a period of Irish Nationalism, pride in the language, history, culture and sport.

1900, September.Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish Council) founded by Arthur Griffith.

190507.Cumann na nGaedheal, the Dungannon Clubs and the National Council are amalgamated to form Sinn Fin (We Ourselves).

1909, August. Countess Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson organise nationalist youths into Na Fianna ireann (Warriors of Ireland) a kind of boy scout brigade.

1912, April. Asquith introduces the Third Home Rule Bill to the British Parliament. Passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords, the Bill would have to become law due to the Parliament Act. Home Rule expected to be introduced for Ireland by autumn 1914.

1913, January. Sir Edward Carson and James Craig set up Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) with the intention of defending Ulster against Home Rule.

1913. Jim Larkin, founder of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU) calls for a workers strike for better pay and conditions.

1913, August 31. Jim Larkin speaks at a banned rally on Sackville (OConnell) Street; Bloody Sunday.

1913, November 23. James Connolly, Jack White and Jim Larkin establish the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) in order to protect strikers.

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