Linda B Williams - Development, Demography, And Family Decision-making: The Status Of Women In Rural Java

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Development, Demography, and Family Decision-Making

Brown University Studies in Population and Development

Published in cooperation with the Population Studies and Training Center Brown University

Editor
Calvin Goldscheider

Editorial Board

Sidney Goldstein
Philip Leis
Morris D. Morris
Alden Speare, Jr.

Brown University Studies in Population and Development

Development, Demography, and Family Decision-Making: The Status of Women in Rural Java, Linda B. Williams

Labor Allocation and Rural Development: Migration in Four Javanese Villages, Philip Guest

Urbanization and Development: The Rural-Urban Transition in Taiwan, Alden Speare, Jr., Paul K.C. Liu, and Ching-lung Tsay

Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of the 19th-century Rural Communities, Briant Lindsay Lowell

Rural Development and Migration: A Study of Family Choices in the Philippines, Sally E. Findley

Social Change and Family Processes: Arab Communities in Shefar-A'm, Majid Al-Haj

Why People Intend to Move: Individual and Community-Lei'el Factors of Out-Migration in the Philippines, Sun-Hee Lee

Rural Migration in Developing Nations: Comparative Studies of Korea, Sri Lanka, and Mali, edited by Calvin Goldscheider

Urban Migrants in Developing Nations: Patterns and Problems of Adjustment, edited by Calvin Goldschieder

Development, Demography, and Family Decision-Making

The Status of Women in Rural Java

Linda B. Williams

First published 1990 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1990 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Williams, Linda B.
Development, demography, and family decision-making: the status of women in rural Java/Linda B. Williams.
p. cm.(Brown University studies in population and development)
ISBN 0-8133-8020-0
1. Women in rural developmentIndonesiaJava. 2. WomenIndonesiaJavaHistory. 3. Family demographyIndonesiaJava. I. Title. II. Series.
HQ1240.5.15W55 1990
305.42'09598'2dc20

90-32924
CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01568-8 (hbk)

Contents

, Calvin Goldscheider

1
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2
WOMEN, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES

3
THE INDONESIAN CONTEXT

4
THE SAMPLE, METHODS, AND VARIABLE DEFINITIONS

5
INTERGENERATIONAL DYNAMICS IN THE MARRIAGE DECISION

6
POST-MARRIAGE MIGRATION AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN

7
CONTRACEPTION AND FERTILITY

8
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. ii

Guide

Figures

Tables

The shift toward the small nuclear family and the emergence of new roles for women have been among the conspicuous changes accompanying economic development and social modernization. As the power of the extended family waned, the control exercised by others over the status and roles of women and over their decision-making declined as well. Cumulative comparative and historical evidence has documented that along with increases in educational levels and the greater mobility of persons to new expanding economic opportunities, the size of families declines, individual responsibilities for making decisions about marriage increases, and, in turn, the roles of women and men in and out of marriage change. Altered gender roles do not necessarily imply "improvement" in the status of women vis-a-vis men; the shift toward greater "equality" between men and women is by no means uniform. Despite increases in societal level economic opportunities, the growth in women's educational attainment and occupational achievement, and the shift away from traditional sources of status and authority, the status of women within households and families, and in relationship to their husbands, does not always increase.

The importance of changing autonomy for women in the reduction of control over women's lives by the extended family in the process of development raises questions about the linkages among these processes in developing nations. What is the relationship between the changing roles of women in society and the extent to which women are involved in the choices to marry? How do the demographic processes of migration affect the autonomy of women? How does autonomy affect fertility behavior and contraceptive use? These core issues are addressed systematically and in detail in this volume.

There is a growing recognition of the importance of changes in family and household structure as contexts for studying the determinants and consequences of demographic shifts in fertility and migration. Moreover, it has been increasingly argued that improving the status of women is an important policy direction in the attempt to facilitate the reduction of high fertility in developing nations. It has been clearly demonstrated that studies of migration in the rural areas of developing countries need to examine the role of women, not simply whether women migrate more than men, but how migration affects the status of women and what consequences migration has for autonomy and decision-making power.

Dr. Linda Williams's research is an innovative examination of these issues for one developing nation. She traces out the complex interactions among three critical processes--migration, fertility, and marriage--in a lucid and compelling analysis of rural areas in Central Java. She shows the contribution of women to the family economy in Indonesia, the activity of women in the labor force, and the control women have over household decisions. Her research focuses on the intergenerational dynamics involved in the marriage decision and the socio-demographic processes, especially migration, that influence the ability of women to control family decisions once they are married. She investigates the role of the extended family and the amount of contact maintained between the generations; and she tests directly the impact of women's autonomy on the use of contraception and fertility. This study of the linkages among marriage, female autonomy, migration, and fertility in one setting is an important contribution to the demography of developing countries and to the understanding of development issues, particularly the changing role of women and families.

Her research places these themes in the context of the relationship between population and development and the policies related to both processes. Moreover, she includes as an integral theme the examination of women in development processes. Her framework focuses on how women fare vis-a-vis other household or family members in making major household decisions. She carefully outlines the arguments that show that development processes may improve or weaken the status of women. She focuses in particular on the migration dimension. She convincingly argues against the view that the migration of women is insignificant and associational, particularly by showing how migration is related to the status of women.

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