Robert Mecklenburg - Managing Projects with GNU Make
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Table of Contents
Copyright 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Supplemental files and examples for this book can be found at http://examples.oreilly.com/9780596006105/. Please use a standard desktop web browser to access these files, as they may not be accessible from all ereader devices.
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The make utility is an enticing servant, always there and always accommodating. Like the indispensable sidekicks found in many novels and movies, make starts out as the underappreciated supplicant to whom you throw a few odd jobs, and then gradually takes over the entire enterprise.
I had reached the terminal stage of putting make at the center of every project I touched when Steve Talbott, my supervisor and the author of the original O'Reilly classic Managing Projects with make , noticed my obsession and asked me to write the second edition. It proved to be a key growth experience for me (as well as a pretty wild ride) and my entry into the wonderful world of O'Reilly, but we didn't really think about how long the result would stay on the market. Thirteen years for one edition?
Enthralled in the memories of those days long ago when I was a professional technical writer, I'll indulge myself with a bulleted list to summarize the evolution of make since the second edition of Managing Projects with make hit the stands:
- The GNU version of make, already the choice of most serious coders when the second edition of the book came out, overran the industry and turned into the de facto standard.
- The rise of GNU/Linux made the GNU compiler tool chain even more common, and that includes the GNU version of make. As just one example, the Linux kernel itself relies heavily on extensions provided by GNU make, as documented in of this book.
- The adoption of a variant of BSD (Darwin) as the core of Mac OS X continues the trend toward the dominance of the GNU tool chain and GNU make.
- More and more tricks are being discovered for using make in a robust, error-free, portable, and flexible way. Standard solutions to common problems on large projects have grown up in the programming community. It's time to move many of these solutions from the realm of folklore to the realm of documented practices, as this book does.
- In particular, new practices are required to adapt make to the C++ and Java languages, which did not exist when make was invented. To illustrate the shifting sands of time, the original make contained special features to support two variants of FORTRANof which vestiges remain!and rather ineffective integration with SCCS.)
- Against all odds, make has remained a critical tool for nearly all computer development projects. None of make's many (and insightful) critics would have predicted this 13 years ago. Over these years, replacements sprang up repeatedly, as if dragon's teeth had been sown. Each new tool was supposed to bypass the limitations in make's design, and most were indeed ingenious and admirable. Yet the simplicity of make has kept it supreme.
As I watched these trends, it had been in the back of my mind for about a decade to write a new edition of Managing Projects with make . But I sensed that someone with a broader range of professional experience than mine was required. Finally, Robert Mecklenburg came along and wowed us all at O'Reilly with his expertise. I was happy to let him take over the book and to retire to the role of kibitzer, which earns me a mention on the copyright page of this book. (Incidentally, we put the book under the GNU Free Documentation License to mirror the GPL status of GNU make.)
Robert is too modest to tout his Ph.D., but the depth and precision of thinking he must have applied to that endeavor comes through clearly in this book. Perhaps more important to the book is his focus on practicality. He's committed to making make work for you, and this commitment ranges from being alert about efficiency to being clever about making even typographical errors in makefile s self-documenting.
This is a great moment: the creation of a new edition of one of O'Reilly's earliest and most enduring books. Sit back and read about how an unassuming little tool at the background of almost every project embodies powers you never imagined. Don't settle for creaky and unsatisfying makefile sexpand your potential today.
Andy OramEditor, O'Reilly MediaAugust 19, 2004
For Ralph and Buff
My first exposure to make was as an undergraduate at Berkeley in 1979. I was thrilled to be working with the "latest" equipment: a DEC PDP 11/70 with 128 kilobytes of RAM, an ADM 3a "glass tty," Berkeley Unix, and 20 other simultaneous users! Once, when an assignment was due, I remember timing how long it took to log infive minutes from typing my username until I got a prompt.
After leaving school, it was 1984 before I got to work on Unix again. This time it was as a programmer at NASA's Ames Research Center. We purchased one of the first microcomputer-based Unix systems, a 68000 (not a 68010 or 20) that had a megabyte of RAM and Unix Version 7with only six simultaneous users. My last project there was an interactive satellite data analysis system written in C with a yacc/lex command language, and, of course, make.
By 1988, I had gone back to school and was working on a project to build a spline-based geometric modeler. The system consisted of about 120,000 lines of C, spread across 20 or so executables. The system was built using makefile templates that were expanded into normal makefiles by a hand-rolled tool call genmakefile (similar in spirit to imake). The tool performed simple file inclusion, conditional compilation, and some custom logic to manage source and binary trees. It was a common belief in those days that make required such a wrapper to be a complete build tool. Several years earlier, I had discovered the GNU project and GNUmake and realized that the wrapper program was probably unnecessary. I rebuilt the build system without the templates or a generator. To my chagrin, I wound up maintaining the build system for the next four years (a pattern I foolishly repeat to this day). The build system was portable to five flavors of Unix and included separate source and binary trees, automated nightly builds, and support for partial checkouts by developers with the build system filling in the missing objects.
My next interesting encounter with make came in 1996, working on a commercial CAD system. It was my job to port 2 million lines of C++ (and 400,000 lines of Lisp) from Unix to Windows NT, using the Microsoft C++ compiler. That's when I discovered the Cygwin project. As an important byproduct of the port, I reworked the build system to support NT. This build system also supported separate source and binary trees, many flavors of Unix, several varieties of graphics support, automated nightly builds and tests, and partial developer checkouts with reference builds.
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