Nathan Blaunstein - Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communication Networks

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Blaunstein, Nathan.

Radio propagation and adaptive antennas for wireless communication networks : terrestrial, atmospheric, and ionospheric / Nathan Blaunstein, Christos G. Christodoulou. Second edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-65954-0 (cloth)

1. Adaptive antennas. 2. Radio wave propagation. 3. Wireless communication systemsEquipment and supplies. 4. Cell phone systemsEquipment and supplies. I. Christodoulou, Christos G. II. Title.

TK7871.67.A33B537 2013

621.382'4dc23

2013008675

Since the first edition of this book was published, several changes in wireless communications, including new wireless networks, from third generation (3G) to fourth generation (4G), as well as changes in technologies and their corresponding protocols, from WiFi and WiMAX to LTE and other advanced technologies, have taken place. Therefore, this edition has been rearranged to account for several current and modern aspects of wireless networks based on radio propagation phenomena.

This book is intended to appeal to any scientist, practicing engineer, or designer who is concerned with the operation and service of radio links, including personal, mobile, aircraft, and satellite links. It examines different situations in the over-the-terrain, atmospheric, and ionospheric communication channels, including rural, mixed residential, and built-up environments for terrestrial links, atmospheric turbulences, and different kinds of hydrometeors (rain, clouds, snow, etc.). For each channel the main task of the authors of this book is to explain the role of all kinds of obstructions on the corresponding propagation phenomena that influence the transmission of radio signals through such communication channels, both in line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructive non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions along the radio path between the transmitter and the receiver antennas. The book also emphasizes how adaptive antennas at the link terminals can be utilized to minimize the deleterious effects of such obstructions.

To introduce the reader to some relevant topics in radio propagation, antennas, and applied aspects of wireless networks design, we decided to divide the book into five parts. we introduce the reader to the basics of cellular networks, cell patterns, and cell splitting.

, where in the previous edition only some models for practical applications in indoor communications were presented. In this edition, we introduce new stochastic models supported by numerous experiments.

and some precisely arranged experiments, carried out in different urban sites, how to predict the location of the base station antenna or the subscriber location.

focuses on the cellular and noncellular communication networks design based on radio propagation phenomena.

Finally, describes the different approaches, statistical or physical-statistical, used today in land-satellite communication links, as well as for mega-cell maps performance.

N athan B launstein

C hristos G. C hristodoulou

The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the basic propagation characteristics that describe various wireless communication channels, such as terrestrial, atmospheric, and ionospheric from VHF to the X-band. Well-known standards in wireless communication [110] are introduced for the prediction of path losses and fading effects of any radio signal in various communication links, and finally, new possibilities that can be obtained using smart antennas are discussed.

Different radio communication links (land, land-to-air, air-to-air) covering different atmospheric and ionospheric conditions include several components having a plethora of physical principles and processes, with their own independent or correlated working characteristics and operating elements. A simple scheme of such as a radio communication link consists of a transmitter (T), a receiver (R), and a propagation channel. The main output characteristics of such a link depend on the conditions of radio propagation in different kinds of environments, as shown in . According to Reference 6, there are three main independent electronic and electromagnetic design tasks related to this wireless communication network. The first task is the transmitter antenna operation, including the specification of the electronic equipment that controls all operations within the transmitter. The second task is to understand, model, and analyze the propagation properties of the channel that connects the transmitting and receiving antennas. The third task concerns the study of all operations related to the receiver.