Ann Ryan - Evolving Models of Language: Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics Held at the University of Wales, Swansea, ... (British Studies in Applied Linguistics,
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Evolving Models of Language: Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics Held at the University of Wales, Swansea, ... (British Studies in Applied Linguistics,
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A collection of papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL) held at the University of Wales, Swansea in September 1996. The meeting focused on the evolving models of language. Models in applied linguistics can operate at four major levels: language processing, language learning, linguistic analysis and language testing. Each of these levels is the focus of at least one paper in this collection and in several it is possible to see how interdependent these four levels are.
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Evolving Models of Language : Papers From the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics Held At the University of Wales, Swansea, September 1996 British Studies in Applied Linguistics ; 12
author
:
Ryan, Ann
publisher
:
Multilingual Matters
isbn10 | asin
:
1853593982
print isbn13
:
9781853593987
ebook isbn13
:
9780585126036
language
:
English
subject
Applied linguistics--Congresses.
publication date
:
1997
lcc
:
P129.B75 1996eb
ddc
:
418
subject
:
Applied linguistics--Congresses.
Page i
Evolving Models of Language
Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics held at the University of Wales, Swansea, September 1996
Edited by Ann Ryan and Alison Wray
BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS in association with MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon Philadelphia Toronto Sydney Johannesburg
Page ii
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1-85359-398-2 (pbk)
Multilingual Matters Ltd
UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, England BS21 7HH. USA: 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007, USA. Canada: OISE, 712 Gordon Baker Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2H 3RT. Australia: PO Box 586, Artamon NSW 2064, Australia. South Africa: PO Box 1080, Northcliffe 2115, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Copyright 1997 British Association for Applied Linguistics.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher.
Typeset by Wayside Books, Clevedon. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Short Run Press, Exeter.
Page iii
Contents
Introduction
Ann Ryan And Alison Wray
iv
1 Models of Language? Whose? What for? What Use?
J. Charles Alderson
1
2 A Study of Arabic, Chinese and Malay First and Second Language
Jonathan Charteris-Black
23
3 The Epigenesis of Language: Acquisition as a Sequence Learning Problem
Nick Ellis
41
4 A New Measure of Lexical Diversity
David D. Malvern and Brian J. Richards
58
5 Applying a Lexical Profiling System to Technical English
James Milton and Tom Hales
72
6 Politeness in Scientific Research Articles Revisited: The use of ethnography and corpus
Akiko Okamura
84
7 Whorf's Children: Critical comments on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Michael Stubbs
100
Contributors
117
Page iv
Introduction
Ann Ryan and Alison Wray University of Wales, Swansea
Evolving Models of Language, the deliberately ambiguous theme title for the 1996 BAAL Annual meeting, offered an opportunity for different interpretations, including models of language that evolve, how models of language are developed and models of how language evolves. Papers taking all three of these perspectives were forthcoming, and many stimulating discussions resulted.
Models in applied linguistics can operate at four major levels: language processing, language learning, linguistic analysis and language testing. Each of these levels is the focus of at least one paper in this collection and in several it is possible to see how interdependent these four levels are.
Two papers focus on practical issues in language testing. Malvern & Richards provide a solution to a weakness inherent in the calculation of lexical diversity in the output of learners and the language impaired. The Type-Token-Ratio (TTR) calculation and its many variations either suffer from unavoidable weightings of the score according to other variables, including the size of the sample and the length of individual utterances within the sample, or, conversely, they are limited by calculations that do not allow the full dataset to be exploited. Malvern & Richards' solution is a procedure which uses increasingly large samples from the data to match the profile predicted by the model to the individual's actual performance.
Milton & Hales also tackle an empirical problem head-on. They are interested in assessing the extent to which text difficulty (for L2 learners) is independent of text technicality. Using a model of difficulty based on the distribution of frequent and infrequent words, they are able to demonstrate that their technical text, the Nissan car technical manual, is both difficult and also, independently, technical, displaying lexical and grammatical features that cannot be picked up by word-frequency counts. They conclude that a diagnostic for text technicality needs to be based on a model with specific additional features.
Page v
Charles Alderson's paper is a critical evaluation of Pit Corder's and others' models of language learning. He argues that formal, external models are of only limited value, and that more account needs to be taken of the internal models of the learners and teachers (whether explicit or implicit), as these will inevitably filter or distort the way in which any external model is interpreted and applied. He warns that linguists may make assumptions about language teaching and learning that are borne of their own enthusiasms and perspective, neither of which are necessarily shared by the average learner or teacher.
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