Frederic C. Thomas - Calcutta Poor: Elegies on a City Above Pretense
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504.
All photographs by Frederic C. Thomas
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thomas, Frederic C. Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense / Frederic C. Thomas. p.cm. "An East Gate book." Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-56324-981-2 (hard). 1. PoorIndiaCalcutta. 2. Economic assistance, DomesticIndia Calcutta. I. Title HV4140.C34T451996 362.5'0954' 147dc20 96-35877 CIP
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984.
BM(c)10987654321
Page v
Contents
Preface
vii
(Photographs follow page 61)
Introduction
3
Impressions
9
Black Town and the City of Palaces
15
Bhadralok and the Genteel Poor
25
Refugees and Migrants
35
Slums and Squatters
49
Bustees from Within
63
Improving the Bustees
75
Caste and Occupational Niches
91
Providing Livelihoods
109
Mobilizing the Community
123
Slum Politics
141
The Intractability of Urban Poverty
153
Notes
167
Bibliography
173
Index
183
Page vii
Preface
With growing numbers of poor in their cities, developing countries face increasing difficulty in offering living standards consistent with the expectations of modern life. In this regard Calcutta is often seen as the classic case of urban failure. The city is notorious for its povertyperhaps unfairly so. Its sidewalk dwellers, street children, and scavengers have become a clich for the worst in human degradation. Meanwhile, comparatively little attention has been paid to Calcutta's experience in addressing the needs of its poorest citizens.
Both a historical and an anthropological perspective are needed. Present-day conditions must be seen against the backdrop of the city's history. Neighborhood studies focusing on the immediate context in which people live are essential, of course. But the lessons that emerge from these studies are rarely heeded by politicians and planners attuned to different agendas and citywide solutions. The observations tend to be too anecdotal and relativistic to be of much practical use, unless placed in a broader policy framework. Also, such studies are often frozen in time, so that little is known of the dynamics of poverty and what the future will be like. To do more than simply enrich the senses,
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