• Complain

Eugenie Buchan - A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers

Here you can read online Eugenie Buchan - A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers full text of the book (entire story) in english for free. Download pdf and epub, get meaning, cover and reviews about this ebook. year: 2017, publisher: ForeEdge, genre: Non-fiction. Description of the work, (preface) as well as reviews are available. Best literature library LitArk.com created for fans of good reading and offers a wide selection of genres:

Romance novel Science fiction Adventure Detective Science History Home and family Prose Art Politics Computer Non-fiction Religion Business Children Humor

Choose a favorite category and find really read worthwhile books. Enjoy immersion in the world of imagination, feel the emotions of the characters or learn something new for yourself, make an fascinating discovery.

Eugenie Buchan A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers
  • Book:
    A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers
  • Author:
  • Publisher:
    ForeEdge
  • Genre:
  • Year:
    2017
  • Rating:
    4 / 5
  • Favourites:
    Add to favourites
  • Your mark:
    • 80
    • 1
    • 2
    • 3
    • 4
    • 5

A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers: summary, description and annotation

We offer to read an annotation, description, summary or preface (depends on what the author of the book "A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers" wrote himself). If you haven't found the necessary information about the book — write in the comments, we will try to find it.

On December 7, 1941, a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor plunged the United States into armed conflict with Japan. In the first three months of the war the Japanese seemed unbeatable as they seized American, British, and European territory across thAfter Pearl Harbor, the Japanese seemed unbeatable. Then some American pilotsmembers of the American Volunteer Group, which became known as the Flying Tigersstarted to bring down enemy planes over Burma and western China. But how did they happen to be in the British colony of Burma? The standard explanation is that in 1940 their commander, Colonel Claire Chennault, convinced the Roosevelt administration to set up a covert air force that could attack the Japanese in China and possibly bomb Tokyo even if the United States and Japan were not yet at war. In A Few Planes for China, Eugenie Buchan neatly overturns more than seventy years of accepted history about the genesis of the legendary American Volunteer Group, concluding that more than any American effort it was Winston Churchill and the British who got the Flying Tigers off the ground on the eve of Pearl Harbor.e Pacific: the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Dutch East Indies. Nonetheless, in those dark days, the U.S. press began to pick up reports about a group of American mercenaries who were bringing down enemy planes over Burma and western China. The pilots quickly became known as the Flying Tigers and a legend was born.
But who were these flyers for hire and how did they wind up in the British colony of Burma? In the standard version of events, an American named Claire Chennault had convinced the Roosevelt administration to establish, fund, and equip covert air squadrons that could attack the Japanese in China and possibly bomb Tokyoeven before a declaration of war existed between the United States and Japan. That was hardly the case: although present at the creation, Chennault was not the sole originator of the American Volunteer Group.
In A Few Planes for China, Eugenie Buchan draws on wide-ranging new sources to overturn seventy years of received wisdom about the genesis of the Flying Tigers. This strange experiment in airpower was accidental rather than intentional; haphazard decisions and changing threat perceptions both shaped its organization and deprived it of resources. In the end it was the Britishmore than any American in or out of governmentwho got the Tigers off the ground. On the eve of Pearl Harbor, the most important man behind the Flying Tigers was not Claire Chennault but Winston Churchill.

Eugenie Buchan: author's other books


Who wrote A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers? Find out the surname, the name of the author of the book and a list of all author's works by series.

A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers — read online for free the complete book (whole text) full work

Below is the text of the book, divided by pages. System saving the place of the last page read, allows you to conveniently read the book "A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers" online for free, without having to search again every time where you left off. Put a bookmark, and you can go to the page where you finished reading at any time.

Light

Font size:

Reset

Interval:

Bookmark:

Make

Acknowledgments So many people have helped me over the past ten years with - photo 1

Acknowledgments

So many people have helped me over the past ten years with research for this book that their names could fill a telephone directory. I apologize if I have not mentioned all of them. Special thanks for their generosity in sharing documents or photographs go to Lennart Andersson, Ed Amaczyk, and Marilyn Brown of the Tonawanda-Kenmore Historical Society, and Alan Armstrong, Anthony Carrozza, Dr. Cynthia Chennault, Nicholas Dennys, Lila Garnett, Ge Shuya, Andrew Leighton, David Leighton, Sarah Leighton, Hsiao-ting Lin, William C. McDonald III, Tracy Minter, Professor Richard Overy, Anthony Slessor, and David Yao. Several have helped me along the way or shown special interest in the project: my agent Ronald Goldfarb, and Gerrie Sturman, Dan Ford, Diana Fortescue, Peter Harmsen, Robert Keatley, Emma Oxford, Anita Pawley, James Srodes, and Jay Taylor. Others have listened patiently to updates about the story: Elizabeth Llewellyn, Alison Rea, and last but not least my husband David Buchan.

Chiangs Rotten Air Force

I n early February 1939, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Madame Chiang invited to their residence in Chungking the new British air attach in China, Group Captain Robert Stanley Aitken of the Royal Air Force. Over tea, he hoped to find out more about their requests to buy British aircraft and bring RAF advisers to China to reform the air force.

This was not the first time that the Chinese Air Force and its ministry had been labeled as rotten. In October 1936, Aitkens predecessor, Wing Commander Harold Kerby, reported that Chinas ruling couple were thoroughly disgusted by standards at the main flight school at Hangchow and described its white buildings as a cloak for the rottenness within.

Rarely if ever did foreign military attachs have anything good to say about Chinas air force or army. The founding father of such critiques was Major John Magruder, who served as the US military attach in Peking from 1926

CAF pilots fought bravely in the first three months of the Sino-Japanese War but lacked leadership as well as reserves to prolong the war in the air. When the conflict began on July 7, 1937, Japans air forces had outnumbered the CAF by four to one: Japan had 620 army planes with 25 percent reserves, and 600 navy aircraft, all produced by Japanese manufacturers. The Chinese had only 250 airworthy planes, all of which were imported: 230 came from the United States, the rest from Italy or Germany.

After the air force collapsed, the Chinese started to rely on Russian airplanes and pilots. In August 1937, Chiang had signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union, which became the basis for military assistance. The terms of the pact featured low-interest loans with which the Chinese could buy hardware, especially aircraft. Planes began to arrive in November 1937. Over the next three years the Nationalists received a total of nine hundred Soviet planes, of which 80 percent were delivered by the end of 1939.

With equipment came advisers, and the mission known as Operation Zet began to expand. In the Soviet Union the pilots achieved heroic status comparable to that of the Flying Tigers in the United States.

Operation Zet was so well established by 1938 that the Chinese Air Force seemed to have transferred its loyalty from the Chiangs to the Russians. Such was the conclusion of the assistant US naval attach, Marine Corps captain

At the end of February 1938, Madame Chiang gave up her chairmanship of the CoAA. Exhausted and in ill health, she retired from aviation affairs and persuaded her brother T. V. Soong to take over as chairman of the CoAA. As McHugh reported, Soong was content to let the Russians assume responsibility for the countrys air defense because they provided much-needed credit and better airplanes than the superseded models available from the United States. From 1933 to 1938, Dr. Kung in his role as finance minister had handled nearly all negotiations with Bill Pawley of Intercontinent to buy Curtiss-Wright Hawk fighter planes. In 1933, Pawley and Kung set up a joint venture between three American partnersIntercontinent, Curtiss-Wright, and Douglas Aviationand the Nationalist government: the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) was designed to save the Chinese government money on the cost of importing planes in their large principal partsfuselage, wing, and motor. The arrangement was to take advantage of lower labor costs and local raw material to make certain parts in China and assemble the planes there.

This business model worked well until the outbreak of war, which had the effect of greatly increasing the cost of plane parts from the United States and inducing the Chinese to rely on less-costly Russian equipment. In April 1938, Leighton noted that the USSR provided planes at costs that were much lower than anything Intercontinent could offer. Therefore, the prospects for selling American planes were far from brilliant.

T. V. Soong willingly accepted dependence on Soviet aid, but others in the

Donald had invited Aitken to come to Chungking and arranged his appointments. He too told the new British air attach that the air force was in a hopeless state, mainly because of its incompetent officers: Donald singled out for special sanction General Mao Pang-chu (also known as Peter or P. T. Mow), the head of air operations.

To his surprise, Aitken found that General Mao spoke more common sense about aviation than anyone else, even if he was a corrupt scoundrel.

At Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province, Aitken met the senior CAF officer in charge of flight instruction, General Chow (Chou Chih-jou), as well as the chief instructor, an American called Colonel Chennault.

Aitken understood that there were a dozen or so American Army Air Corps reserve officers training CAF cadets.

One of the American instructors was William MacDonald, an old flying companion of Chennault. In the mid-1930s, Mac had been a wingman in the latters AAC aerobatic trio, Three Men on a Flying Trapeze. Although Mac refused to admit that he had flown combat missions, he nonetheless alluded to one: he had tried to instill a true sense of loyalty and duty in Chinese crews, but the first time that he led them against an equal number of Japanese (nine), they deserted him immediately.

Aitken got hold of a questionnaire in which Chennault listed for the generalissimo the CAFs countless defects: weak organization, poor training, bad discipline, and lack of initiative on the part of Chinese personnel, as well as the shortage of reserve aircraft and spare parts. In his view, pilot error due to unsound and inadequate training had caused the air force to lose half its planes in the first six months of the Sino-Japanese War. Nonetheless Chennault believed that Chinese pilots, if properly drilled and equipped,

Although the CAF seemed to be a lost cause, the Chiangs gave every indication of wanting to reform and revive it. On December 13, 1938, US diplomats in Chungking had reported that the generalissimo was intent on revamping and expanding the Chinese Air Force. The government also was about to sign a large contract for planes to be built at a new CAMCO factory located in Yunnan Province. Aitken, however, made no mention of these significant developments. It would appear that the Chinese managed to keep secret their renewed commercial relations with the Intercontinent Corporation, its partner in CAMCO. In December 1938, after a yearlong break, Dr. H. H. Kung resumed his responsibility for American aircraft procurement. He entertained tenders from Bill Pawley as well as another aircraft broker, A. L. Pat Patterson. Kung was in the market to buy as many as three hundred new American combat planes from one or the other.

Next page
Light

Font size:

Reset

Interval:

Bookmark:

Make

Similar books «A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers»

Look at similar books to A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers. We have selected literature similar in name and meaning in the hope of providing readers with more options to find new, interesting, not yet read works.


Reviews about «A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers»

Discussion, reviews of the book A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers and just readers' own opinions. Leave your comments, write what you think about the work, its meaning or the main characters. Specify what exactly you liked and what you didn't like, and why you think so.