Helen Rappaport - The Race to Save the Romanovs: The Truth Behind the Secret Plans to Rescue the Russian Imperial Family

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In memory of my parents,

Kenneth and Mary Ware

There is no worse punishment for a monarch than to lose the love of his people. It is hard for anyone other than he who has lived through it to understand.

King Alfonso of Spain, in exile, 1933

They have dragged all our world down crashing with them Everyone says what a fearful punishment but I say it is not a punishment, it is a pure logical result of their own acts. Just as if they had taken a match and put fire to their own garments.

Grand Duchess Kirill to her sister Marie, Queen of Romania, Petrograd, 10 March 1917

Ever since then [1918], I have been haunted by the idea that had I been able to argue with the Ural Soviet for a longer period I might have been able to save the Russian Royal Family.

Sir Thomas Preston, former British consul in Ekaterinburg, letter to The Spectator, 11 March 1972

Alexandra/Alix/Alicky: Princess Alexandra of Hesse and by Rhine; Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsaritsa of Russia; wife of Nicholas

Alexeev, General Mikhail: Imperial Russian Army Chief of Staff from 1915 until the abdication of Nicholas, March 1917

Alexey Nikolaevich Romanov: the Tsarevich, son of Nicholas and Alexandra; Wilhelm s godson

Alfonso XIII: King of Spain; husband of Ena

Alice: Princess Alice of Great Britain, later Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, mother of Alexandra, Irene, Ella, Victoria Milford Haven and Ernie; sister of Bertie

Alley, Major Stephen: British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) agent based in Murmansk

Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova: fourth daughter of Nicholas and Alexandra

Andersen, Hans Niels: Danish businessman and friend of the British and Danish royal families

Armitstead, Henry: agent of the Hudsons Bay Company based at Archangel

Avdeev, Alexander: Yakovlev s deputy and later commandant of the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg

Balfour, Arthur: British Foreign Secretary, 191619

Beloborodov, Alexander: Chair of the Ural Regional Soviet from January 1918

Benckendorff, Count Pavel: Grand Marshal and Master of Ceremonies at the Russian Imperial Court

Bertie: Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII; father of George V; husband of Alexandra the Queen Mother

Bertie, Sir Francis: British ambassador in Paris, 190518

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von: German Chancellor, 1909July 1917

Botkin, Dr Evgeniy: physician to the Russian Imperial Family, who accompanied them to Tobolsk and Ekaterinburg

Botkin, Petr: Imperial Russian ambassador to Lisbon; brother of Evgeniy Botkin

Brndstrm, General Edvard: Swedish envoy to St Petersburg/Petrograd, 190620

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count Ulrich von: German envoy to Copenhagen, 191218

Buchanan, Sir George: British ambassador to St Petersburg/Petrograd, 191017, father of Meriel Buchanan

Buchanan, Meriel: British author, daughter of Sir George Buchanan

Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie: Alexandra s honorary lady-in-waiting

Cecil, Lord Robert: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 191519

Chicherin, Georgiy: Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs, 191830, in the first Soviet government

Christian X: King of Denmark, 191247, nephew of the Queen Mother, Dagmar and Valdemar and first cousin to Nicholas

Coburg, Duchess of: Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, daughter of Tsar Alexander II; wife of Prince Alfred of Great Britain, Duke of Coburg; aunt by marriage of Alexandra, Ella, Irene, Victoria Milford Haven and Ernie, and aunt by blood of Nicholas

Contreras, Fernando Gmez: Spanish business attach in Petrograd, 1918

Cumming, Sir Mansfield: Head of MI1(c), the foreign division of the British SIS

Dagmar/Dowager Empress: Princess Dagmar of Denmark, Dowager Empress of Russia known as Maria Feodorovna, sister of the Queen Mother, mother of Nicholas and aunt of Christian X

Davidson, Sir Arthur: Equerry to Bertie and later to George V, 191022

Dehn, Lili: one of the ladies in Alexandra s close entourage, but with no official court position

Dolgorukov, Prince Vasily: Major-general with Nicholas at Army HQ and followed him to Tobolsk; stepson of Count Benckendorff

Egan, Maurice: American ambassador to Denmark, 1907December 1917

Ella: Princess Elizabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, later Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia, sister of Alexandra, Irene, Victoria Milford Haven and Ernie

Ena: Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Queen of Spain and wife of Alfonso; first cousin of Alexandra and niece of Bertie

Ernie: Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig III of Hesse and by Rhine, brother of Alexandra, Ella, Irene and Victoria Milford Haven

George V: King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; first cousin of Wilhelm, Nicholas and Alexandra

George, Grand Duchess: wife of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich, daughter of King George I of Greece

Gilliard, Pierre: Swiss tutor, who taught French to the Grand Duchesses and the Tsarevich Alexey

Goloshchekin, Filipp: military commissar of the Ural Regional Soviet

Gustav V: King of Sweden, distantly related to the Romanovs through marriage

Haakon VII: King of Norway, married to his first cousin Maud who, like him, was a first cousin to Nicholas

Hanbury-Williams, Major-General Sir John: Chief of the British Military Mission in Russia, 191417; based at Stavka, adviser to Nicholas

Hardinge, Lord: 1st Baron of Penshurst, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 191620

Hardinge, Sir Arthur: British ambassador to Madrid, 191319

Hauschild, Herbert: First Secretary and acting German consul in Moscow, 1918

Howard, Sir Esm: 1st Baron Howard of Penrith, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the King of Sweden, 191318

Irene: Princess Henry of Prussia, sister of Alexandra, Ella, Victoria Milford Haven and Ernie; sister-in-law of Wilhelm

Joffe, Adolph: first Soviet ambassador to Berlin, 1918

Kerensky, Alexander: Justice Minister of the Provisional Government, March 1917; War Minister, May 1917; Prime Minister, JulyOctober 1917

Khitrovo, Rita (Margarita): a friend of Olga and fellow nurse at her hospital at Tsarskoe Selo

Kienlin, Albert von: German legation secretary to Stockholm

Kirill, Grand Duchess: Princess Victoria Melita, daughter of Duchess of Coburg, sister of Marie of Romania, first cousin of Alexandra and Nicholas

Kobylinsky, Colonel Evgeniy: Commandant of the Alexander Palace Garrison at Tsarskoe Selo; Commander of the Guard at the Governors House, Tobolsk

Kokovtsov, Vladimir: former Prime Minister of Russia, 191114

Krivoshein, Alexander: Russian monarchist, former Imperial Minister of Agriculture, 190815

Kudashev, Prince Ivan: Russian ambassador to Madrid, replaced in July 1917 by Neklyudov