Chang Jung - Mao The Unknown Story

ALsa BY THE AUTHaRS BY JUNG [HANG wild Swans BY JON HALLIDAY Sirk on Sirk The psychology if Gambling (co-editor Peter Fuller) The Artful Albanian

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THE UNliN[]WN ST[]RY

NEW YORK

ALFRED A. KNOPF

2005

J J U D N N G H I: A H L A L N I G n A y

THIS IS A BORZOI BOOli PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. liNOPF

Copyright @ 2005 by Globalflair Ltd.

All rights reserved Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knop a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto

Originally published in Great Britain by Jonathan Cape, London.

www:aaknopfcom

Knop Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Chang, J ung, [date] Mao. the unknown story / Jung Chang and Jon Halliday:-Ist ed. p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-679-42271-4 1 Mao, Zedong, 1893-1976. 2 Heads of state-China- Biography: I Title' Unknown story I I. Hallida

Jon I I I Title. DS778.M3c38 2005 951 05'09 2 -dc22 [B] 2004063826

Manufactured in the United States of America Published October 21, 2005 Second Printing Before Publication

List of Maps Abbreviations and a Note About Spelling in the Text

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P A B T D N E - Lukewarm Believer

1 On the Cusp from Ancient to Modern (1893-1911; age 1-17) 3 2 Becoming a Communist (1911-20; age 17-26) 10 3 Lukewarm Believer (1920-25; age 26-31) 22 4 Rise and Demise in the Nationalist Party (19 2 5- 2 7; age 3 1 -33) 36

P A B T T W D - Long March to Supremacy in the Party 5 Hijacking a Red Force and Taking Over Bandit Land (19 2 7- 28 ; age 33-34) 49 6 Subjugating the Red Army Supremo (19 28 -3 0 ; age 34-36) 64 7 Takeover Leads to Death of Second Wife (19 2 7-3 0 ; age 33-3 6 ) 76 8 Bloody Purge Paves the Way for "Chairman Mao" (19 2 9-3 1 ; age 35-37) 88 9 Mao and the First Red State (1931-34; age 37-40) 101 10 Troublemaker to Figurehead (1931-34; age 37-40) 110 11 How Mao Got onto the Long March (1933-34; age 39-40) 120 12 Long March I: Chiang Lets the Reds Go (1934; age 40) 130 13 Long March II: The Power Behind the Throne (1934-35; age 4 0 -4 1 ) 138

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Contents

14 Long March I I I: Monopolising the Moscow Connection (1935; age 4 1 ) 157

PAR T T H R E E - Building His Power Base 15 The Timely Death of Mao's Host (1935-36; age 41-42) 171 16 Chiang Kai-shek Kidnapped (1935-36; age 4 1 -4 2 ) 175 17 A National Player (193 6 ; age 4 2 -43) 184 18 New Image, New Life and New Wife (1937-3 8 ; age 43-44) 190 19 Red Mole Triggers China-Japan War (1937-3 8 ; age 43-44) 200 20 Fight Rivals and Chiang- Not Japan (1937-4 0 ; age 43-46) 210 21 Most Desired Scenario: Stalin Carves Up China with Japan (1939-4 0 ; age 45-46) 219 22 Death Trap for His Own Men (1940-41; age 46-47) 227 23 Building a Power Base Through Terror (194 1 -45; age 47-51) 236 24 Uncowed Opponent Poisoned (194 1 -45; age 47-51) 252 25 Supreme Party Leader at Last (1942-45; age 48-51) 264

PAR T F D U R - To Conquer China 26 "Revolutionary Opium War" (1937-45; age 43-5 1 ) 273 27 The Russians Are Coming! (1945-46; age 51-52) 281 28 Saved by Washington (1944-47; age 50-53) 293 29 Moles, Betrayals and Poor Leadership Doom Chiang (1945-49; age 51-55) 301 30 China Conquered (194 6 -49; age 52-55) 312 31 Totalitarian State, Extravagant Lifestyle (1949-53; age 55-59) 3 2 3

PAR T F I V E - Chasing a Superpower Dream 32 Rivalry with Stalin (1947-49; age 53-55) 337 33 Two Tyrants Wrestle (1949-5 0 ; age 55-56) 346 34 Why Mao and Stalin Started the Korean War (1949-5 0 ; age 55-56) 356 35 Mao Milks the Korean War (195 0 -53; age 56-59) 365 36 Launching the Secret Superpower Programme (1953-54; age 59- 60 ) 3 8 0 37 War on Peasants (1953-5 6 ; age 59- 62 ) 392 38 Undermining Khrushchev (1956-59; age 62- 6 5) 404 39 Killing the "Hundred Flowers" (1957-58; age 63-64) 416

Contents

V11

40 The Great Leap: "Half of China May Well Have to Die" (1958-61; age 64-67) 41 Defence Minister Peng's Lonely Battle (195 8 -59; age 64-65) 42 The Tibetans Rebel (1950-61; age 56-67) 43 Maoism Goes Global (1959-64; age 65-70) 44 Ambushed by the President (1961-62; age 67-68) 45 The Bomb (1962-64; age 68-70) 46 A Time of Uncertainty and Setbacks (1962-65; age 68-71)

440 453 458 470 480

PAR T S I X - Unsweet Revenge 47 A Horse-Trade Secures the Cultural Revolution (19 6 5- 66 ; age 7 1 -7 2 ) 503 48 The Great Purge (1966-67; age 7 2 -73) 514 49 Unsweet Revenge (1966-74; age 7 2 - 80 ) 528 50 The Chairman's New Outfit (19 6 7-7 0 ; age 73-7 6 ) 537 51 A War Scare (19 6 9-7 1 ; age 75-77) 548 52 Falling Out with Lin Biao (1970-71; age 7 6 -77) 552 53 Maoism Falls Flat on the World Stage (19 66 -7 0 ; age 7 2 -7 6 ) 565 54 Nixon: the Red- Baiter Baited (197 0 -73; age 7 6 -79) 579 55 The Boss Denies Chou Cancer Treatment (197 2 -74; age 7 8 - 80 ) 592 56 Mme Mao in the Cultural Revolution (19 66 -75; age 7 2 - 81 ) 599 57 Enfeebled Mao Hedges His Bets (1973-76; age 79-82) 611 58 Last Days (1974-76; age 80-82) 624

Epilogue 631 Acknowledgements 633 List of Interviewees 637 Archives Consulted 651 Notes 653 Bibliography of Chinese- Language Sources 739 Bibliography of Non-Chinese- Language Sources 767 Index 791

MAP S

China The area of Mao's activities, 1927-34 The Long March, October 1934-0ctober 1935

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ABBREVIATI[]NS IN THE TEXT

CCP Cominform Comintern CP 8RA GRU

Chinese Communist Party Communist Information Bureau Communist International Communist Party Eighth Route Army Glavnoye Razvedyivatelnoye Upravleniye (Chief Intelligence Directorate), Soviet Military In telligence New Fourth Army Zhang Zhizhong

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N[]TE AB[]UT SPELLING IN THE TEXT

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