Chihyun Chang - The Chinese Journals of L.K. Little, 1943–54: An Eyewitness Account of War and Revolution, Volume III

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The Chinese Journals of L. K. Little, 19431954

The Making of Modern China

The Chinese Journals of L. K. Little, 19431954

An Eyewitness Account of War and Revolution

Edited with Narratives by Chihyun Chang

Volume II
The Last Foreign Inspector General, 19461949

First published 2018

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Editorial material and selection 2018 Chihyun Chang; individual owners retain copyright in their own material

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Little, L. K. (Lester Knox), 18921981, author. | Chang, Chihyun, 1979 editor.

Title: The Chinese journals of L.K. Little, 19431954 : an eyewitness account of war and revolution / edited by Chihyun Chang.

Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The making of modern China

Identifiers: LCCN 2017036073 (print) | LCCN 2017047317 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315536293 (set) | ISBN 9781315537290 (1) | ISBN 9781315537283 (2) | ISBN 9781315537269 (3) | ISBN 9781848934870 (set) | ISBN 9781138758049 (vol. 1) | ISBN 9781138758056 (vol. 2) | ISBN 9781138758063 (vol. 3)

Subjects: LCSH: Little, L. K. (Lester Knox), 18921981Diaries. | China. Hai guan zong shui wu si shuOfficials and employees. | Customs administrationChinaOfficials and employees. | ChinaOfficials and employeesBiography | ChinaHistoryRepublic, 19121949 | ChinaHistory1949

Classification: LCC HJ7071 (ebook) | LCC HJ7071 .L55 2018 (print) | DDC 951.04/2092 [B]dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036073

ISBN: 978-1-8489-3487-0 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-1387-5805-6 (Volume II)

eISBN: 978-1-315-53728-3 (Volume II)

Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC

Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds by Central Universities (project reference number: 15JCMZ02).

Contents

VOLUME II

1. ii

An underestimated historical figure

The extraordinary career in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS) of Ting Kwei-tang (Ding Guitang in Hanyu Pinyin, 19 December 189121 November 1962) marks him as one of the most legendary figures in modern Chinese history. He secretly supported Frederick Maze to become the Inspector General (head of the CMCS, henceforth IG) in 1929, settled down the potential warlord war in Manchuria in 1931, escaped from Japans surveillance to Free China in 1943, became the Deputy of Communist Chinas Customs in 1949 and was condemned as a rightist in 1957. None of these said events was easy to achieve.

Tings career covers six periods in modern Chinese history, from 1916 to 1962. Through his eyes, modern Chinese history is seen from his semi-Chinese and semi-Western perspectives, as well as from his perspective on Western progressivism and Chinese nationalism. Readers would easily be aware of conflicts between Tings arguments in different periods, as these represent Tings diverse understandings of modern Chinas state-building and his ambition and frustration with modern Chinas destiny and his personal career. However, compared to the rich scholarship on the career of leading foreign employees, such as Robert Hart, Francis Aglen, Frederick Maze and Lester Little, there is an equally important history to be told about Ting.

A young assistant from Haicheng

Ting was born in 1891 at Haicheng in Liaoning. He went to a Christian junior high school, and his English-language training was mentored by a British missionary.

Ting was appointed Indoor Assistant after his graduation. The assistantship was a guarantee of a better life and the entry ticket to commissionership in the CMCS. The Indoor division of white-collar workers consisted of Assistants and Clerks. The former were administrative and the latter clerical. Tings career was just like any other ordinary young Assistant before 1927.

The turning point of Tings ordinary career was the dismissal of Francis Aglen from the post of IG in 1927. After Aglens surrender of charge to Officiating IG Arthur Edwardes in February 1927, Shanghai Commissioner Frederick Maze became Edwardes archenemy in the struggle for the IG-ship. As he was appointed by Aglen, Edwardes naturally had the support of the foreign staff and British Minister Plenipotentiary to China Miles Lampson. In order to balance this inferiority, Maze decided to ally with the Chinese Assistants and the Nationalist government. Hence, this gave Ting the best opportunity for personal advancement.

One month after Aglens leave, Ting was transferred from the Chinese Secretariat of the Inspectorate General in Beijing to Mazes Shanghai Custom House. Although he sanctioned this transfer, Edwardes must not have realised that this junior Assistant would become his archenemys right arm, for which the cost would be Edwardes CMCS career.

Neither Ting, Maze nor Edwardes had recorded anything about this competition, but the story can still be narrated by Tings colleagues records. Little wrote in his diary that from the days of the Maze-Edwardes fight in 1929, Ting has had over 20 years of intrigue and skulduggery. He and Maze were a good team: both as unscrupulous and ambitious and ruthless as men can be.

While Ting benefited from Mazes support during the period of the Maze-Edwardes factionalism, another Asian Customs employee directly benefited from Edwardes support. This person was Japanese Assistant Kishimoto Hirokichi. Before Edwardes was appointed OIG, Kishimoto had been appointed Chief Secretary, which was only second to the IG and this was the first time a non-Westerner held this post. This appointment was politicised by Britains endeavour to secure the post of IG for a Briton. Hence, Edwardes allied with Kishimoto to secure Japans support. Although Edwardes strategy had failed, the British IGs strategy to ally with Japanese staff still lasted until 1945 and therefore Kishimoto became Tings lifelong competitor in his career.

With Kishimoto and Ting, Maze had double guarantees he had successfully secured Japans and Chinas support. The cooperation between the British IG, Japanese Chief Secretary and Chinese Secretary illustrates the power balance between the British Empires desire to maintain its trade interests with China, Japans attempt to stress its second influential role and Chinas endeavour to gain more control over the CMCS. However, the reason why Tings career was more successful than Kishimotos from 1929 to 1934 was that the Chinese government suffered from warlord factionalism, and Tings native hometown made him a very effective liaison.

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