June M. Grasso - Modernization and Revolution in China
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In this book, Chinas struggle to modernize is set against a historical background. From the Opium War to Tiananmen Square, the authors narrate the great episodes that punctuate that journey: the breakdown of imperial China; the rise of the new Chinese republic; the early struggles between ideologies and armies of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong; Chinas war with the Japanese; the final shootout that sent Chiang to Taiwan and Mao to Beijing; and the long years of the Peoples Republic - culminating in the reforms of Deng Xiaoping.
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China--History--19th century, China--History--20th century.
publication date
:
1997
lcc
:
DS755.G7 1997eb
ddc
:
951/.033
subject
:
China--History--19th century, China--History--20th century.
Page iii
Revised Edition
Modernization and Revolution in China
June Grasso, Jay Corrin & Michael Kort
An East Gate Book
M. E. Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England
Page iv
An East Gate Book
Copyright 1997 by M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Grasso, June M., 1951 Modernization and Revolution in China / June Grasso, Jay Corrin, Michael Kort. Rev. ed. p. cm. "An East Gate book." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56324-976-6 (alk. paper). ISBN 1-56324-977-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. ChinaHistory-19th century. 2. ChinaHistory20th century. I. Corrin, Jay P., 1943 . II. Kort, Michael, 1944 III. Title. DS755.G71996 951'.033DC21 96-39807 CIP
Printed in the United States of America.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Inf ormation SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
BM(c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
BM(p) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page v
Contents
Preface
vii
A Note on the Pronunciation of Chinese Names
xi
Chapter 1. The Middle Kingdom
3
Chapter 2. Patterns of Traditional Chinese Life
10
Chapter 3. Imperial Breakdown and Western Invasion
34
Chapter 4. The New Chinese Republic
72
Chapter 5. Nationalists and Communists
98
Chapter 6. China at War
124
Chapter 7. Creating the New Order: 1949-1957
144
Chapter 8. The Great Leap and the Bad Fall
181
Chapter 9. The Cultural Revolution
211
Chapter 10. A Second Revolution: The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping
245
Notes
271
Suggested Readings
277
Index
283
Page vii
Preface
Modernization and Revolution in China has been written primarily with the undergraduate college student and lay historian in mind. There are many fine textbooks on China, but the authors of this book always had problems trying to find a survey of Chinese history in one volume that could serve the needs of a course that focused on the modern era. We found that most textbooks on Chinese history were either too lengthy and detailed in their coverage of the imperial period or, if devoted to the Communist era, incomplete in their treatment of the all-important nineteenth-century background. It is this gap in the literature that this history of modern China hopes to fill.
The authors of this book believe that an understanding of contemporary China requires an appreciation of the rich historical traditions that molded its past. China is one of the world's oldest, geographically contiguous civilizations, and for this reason alone, history probably looms larger in the Chinese consciousness than it does in the minds and thoughts of most other peoples. There are very few civilizations that have shown such reverence for the wisdom of the ancestral past. A deep sensitivity and respect for historical traditions also has meant that the Chinese have had to travel down a much longer road to accommodate their culture to the demands of"modernization," that is, the panoply of forces that move a society away from old habits and customs in the direction of urbanization, industrialization, and the rationalization of thought and behavior.
The central themes around which we have woven our narrative are those of modernization and revolution. These processes of change can be seen in the crucial nineteenth centuryhence the great amount of space devoted to that period in this textand partly were the product of outside influences. Yet from the outset there was an ongoing strug-
Page viii
gle between external forces and internal difficulties and differences, that shaped the outcome of China's efforts to modernize. As such, these posed challenges that were far greater than those confronted by other states that came late to modernization, especially Russia and Japan, countries against which China's attempts at modernization are frequently compared. The manner in which the Chinese employed their past to overcome these challenges had a seminal influence on the ways in which the Communists structured their revolution and, we believe, continues to weigh heavily on the course of events in China today.
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1996