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Richard Oram - Alexander II. King of Scots, 1214-1249

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Richard Oram Alexander II. King of Scots, 1214-1249
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By equal measure state-builder and political unifier and ruthless opportunist and bloody-handed aggressor, Alexander II has been praised or vilified by past historians but has rarely been viewed in the round. This book explores the kings successes and failures, offering a fresh assessment of his contribution to the making of Scotland as a nation. It lifts the focus from an introspective national history to look at the man and his kingdom in wider British and European history, examining his international relationships and offering the first detailed analysis of the efforts to work out a lasting diplomatic solution to Anglo-Scottish conflict over his inherited claims to the northern counties of England. More than just a political narrative, the book also seeks to illuminate aspects of the kings character and his relationships with those around him, especially his mother, his first wife Joan Plantagenet, and the great magnates, clerics and officials who served in his household and administration. The book illustrates the processes by which the mosaic of petty principalities and rival power-bases that covered the map of late 12th-century Scotland had become by the mid-13th century a unified state, hybrid in culture(s) and multilingual but acknowledging a common identity as Scots.

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ALEXANDER II, KING OF SCOTS

This eBook edition published in 2013 by Birlinn Limited West Newington House - photo 1

This eBook edition published in 2013 by
Birlinn Limited
West Newington House
Newington Road
Edinburgh
EH9 1QS
www.birlinn.co.uk

Copyright Richard Oram 2012

First published in 2012 by John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd

The moral right of Richard Oram to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form without the express written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-1-904607-92-2
eBook ISBN: 978-1-907909-05-4

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available on request from the British Library

Plates
Acknowledgements and Dedication

I owe a huge debt of gratitude to many friends and colleagues who have endured my waxing lyrical about many of the finer points of Alexander IIs reign over the last two years as this work has finally come together. Particular thanks are owed to Alasdair Ross, whose research on Moray has transformed thinking about the relationship of this region with the crown and with Alexanders MacWilliam rivals, and Michael Penman, whose work on Alexanders personal faith made me rethink many of my preconceptions on the kings relationship with the Church across his reign. My greatest thanks, however, are to my friend and colleague Richard Fawcett, whose encyclopaedic knowledge of Scottish medieval architecture and abundant generosity with his time, and with whom close research collaborations on Scottish medieval parish churches, the abbeys of Melrose and Dryburgh, and most recently Elgin Cathedral, have hugely enriched my understanding of the cultural achievements of Alexanders day. Thanks are also very much due to Hugh Andrew for his patience in waiting for this text whilst I worked on an overdue commitment to another publisher, to Mairi Sutherland who has helped to steer the book to its final stages, and to all the other staff at Birlinn/John Donald whose patience I have tested thoroughly over the years.

To my son, Alasdair, who thankfully is neither named after Alexander II nor shares his more unpleasant characteristics, this book is dedicated to you.

Richard Oram, Stirling, 2012

Abbreviations

ALC

Annals of Loch C, http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T1000010A

Anderson (ed.), Early Sources

Anderson, A O (ed.), Early Sources of Scottish History, AD5001286, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1922)

Anderson (ed.), Scottish Annals

Anderson, A O (ed.), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, AD5001286 (London, 1908)

Annales Monastici

Annales Monastici, ed. H R Luard, 5 volumes (London, 18649)

APS

The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, ed. T Thomson and C Innes (Edinburgh, 181475)

Arbroath Liber

Liber Sancte Thome de Aberbrothoc, 2 vols (184856)

AU

Annals of Ulster, http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100001A

Balmerino Liber

Liber Sancte Marie de Balmorinach (Abbotsford, 1844)

Benedict of Peterborough

Benedict of Peterborough, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W Stubbs, 2 vols (London, 1867)

Bower, Scotichronicon

Bower, W, Scotichronicon, ed. D E R Watt and others, 9 vols (Aberdeen, 198798)

Cal. Pat. Rolls

Calendar of the Patent Rolls of Henry III, 121625 (London, 1901); 122532 (London, 1903); and 123247 (London, 1906).

Cambuskenneth Register

Registrum Monasterii Sancte Marie de Cambuskenneth (Grampian Club, 1872)

CDI

Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, ed. H S Sweetman (London, 1875)

CDS

Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J Bain, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1881)

Chron. Fordun

John of Forduns Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. W F Skene (Edinburgh, 1872)

Chron. Lanercost

Chronicon de Lanercost (Maitland Club, 1839)

Chron. Man.

Chronica Regum Manniae et Insularum. The Chronicle of Man and the Isles. A Facsimile of the Manuscript Codex Julius A. VIII in the British Museum (Douglas, 1944)

Chron. Melrose

Chronicle of Melrose (facsimile edition), eds A O Anderson and others (London, 1936)

Chron. Pluscarden

Liber Pluscardenis, ed. F J Skene (Edinburgh, 187780)

Chron. Wyntoun

The Original Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun (Scottish Text Society, 190314)

Close Rolls Henry III

Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III, 14 vols (London, 190238)

CPL

Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, ed. W H Bliss and others (London, 1893present)

Dunfermline Register

Registrum de Dunfermelyn (Bannatyne Club, 1842)

Durham Liber Vitae

Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis, ed. J Stevenson (Surtees Society, 1841)

Foedera

Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae et Cuiuscunque Generis Acta Publica, ed. T Rymer (Records Commission edition, 181669)

Glasgow Register

Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs, 1843)

Henry III Letters

Royal and Other Historical Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III, ed. W W Shirley, 2 vols (London, 18626)

Histoire des Ducs de Normandie

Histoire des Ducs de Normandie et des Rois dAngleterre, ed. F Michel (Paris, 1840)

Holyrood Liber

Liber Cartarum Sancte Crucis (Bannatyne Club, 1840)

Kelso Liber

Liber Sancte Marie de Calchou (Bannatyne Club, 1846)

Letters of Guala

Letters and Charters of Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, Papal Legate in England 12161218, ed. N Vincent, Canterbury and York Society series, 83 (Woodridge, 1996) (1996)

Macphail, Pluscardyn

Macphail, S R, History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn (Edinburgh, 1881)

Matthew Paris, Chron. Majora

Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H R Luard, 7 vols (London, 187284)

Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum

Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, ed F Madden, 3 vols (London, 18669)

Melrose Liber

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