PHILIP & ALEXANDER
PHILIP &
ALEXANDER
KINGS AND CONQUERORS
ADRIAN GOLDSWORTHY
AN APOLLO BOOK
www.headofzeus.com
This is an Apollo Book, first published in the UK in 2020 by Head of Zeus Ltd
Copyright Adrian Goldsworthy, 2020
The moral right of Adrian Goldsworthy to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781784978693
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To Dorothy, with thanks
Contents
1. Medallion depicting Philip of Macedon: CPA Media Pte Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo.
2. The ancient Macedonian city of Pella: DEA / ARCHIVIO J. LANGE / Getty Images.
3. Vergina, the site of ancient Aegae: AKG / De Agostini Picture Library.
4. Hoplite phalanxes on the Chigi Vase: public domain.
5. Siege of a city on the Nereid Monument: Adam Eastland Art and Architecture / Alamy Stock Photo.
6. The Pynx in Athens: Hercules Milas / Alamy Stock Photo.
7. Olympias trireme: AKG / John Hios.
8. Pike phalanx: Look and Learn / Bridgeman Images.
9. The young Alexander: Jastrow (2006) / Wikimedia Commons.
10. The rape of Persephone: public domain.
11. Shield from Tomb II at Vergina: De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images.
12. Reconstruction of the face of Philip II: Creative Commons / Manolis Andronikos.
13. Statue of Demosthenes: Ullsteinbild Deutschland / Getty Images.
14. The Lion Monument at Chaeronea: Hercules Milas / Alamy Stock Photo.
15. Battle scene from the Alexander mosaic: Creative Commons-Lucas.
16. Mosaic from Pella depicting a lion hunt: AKG / De Agostini Picture Library.
17. Battle scene from the Alexander sarcophagus: Creative Commons-Ronald Slabke.
18. The isthmus of Tyre: Library of Congress.
19. The Philippeion at Olympia: Classic Image / Alamy Stock Photo.
20. The ruins of Persepolis: Victor Sanchez / Alamy Stock Photo.
21. Relief showing tribute-bearers at Persepolis: Sergey Strelkov / Alamy Stock Photo.
22. The tomb of Cyrus: Leonid Andronov / Alamy Stock Photo.
23. Medallion depicting Alexander fighting Porus: The Trustees of the British Museum.
24. Gold quiver and bowcase from Tomb II at Vergina: AKG / De Agostini Picture Library.
25. Gold medallion depicting Olympias: AKG / De Agostini Picture Lib. / A. Dagli Orti.
26. Terracotta from Amphipolis showing a woman: Hercules Milas / Alamy Stock Photo.
All dates are BC . The timing of many events is often uncertain, especially for Philips reign, as explained in the main text.
499494 | Ionian Revolt against Persia |
498/7 | Death of Amyntas I of Macedon. Date of start of reign unknown |
498/7 c .454 | Reign of Alexander I of Macedon |
| Darius sends army to invade Greece. Victory of Athenians and Plataeans over the Persians at Marathon |
| Xerxes leads second invasion of Greece. After forcing the Pass at Thermopylae, his fleet is defeated at Salamis |
| Defeat of Persian army at Plataea |
454413 | Reign of Perdiccas II of Macedon |
| Outbreak of Peloponnesian War |
415413 | Disastrous Athenian expedition to Sicily |
413399 | Reign of Archelaus of Macedon |
| End of Peloponnesian War. Athens Long Walls demolished and tyranny established |
| Restoration of democracy at Athens |
399398/7 | Reign of Orestes of Macedon |
398/7395/4 | Reign of Areopus II of Macedon |
394393 | Reign of Pausanias |
393370/69 | Reign of Amyntas III |
| Persian Kings Peace established in Greece |
| Spartans seize Theban citadel |
c .382 | Birth of Philip |
379/8 | Thebans destroy Spartan garrison |
| Epaminondas and Pelopidas lead Theban army to victory over the Spartans at Leuctra |
370/69367 | Reign of Alexander II of Macedon |
c .368365 | Philip hostage in Thebes |
367365 | Reign/Regency of Ptolemy |
365359 | Reign of Perdiccas III |
| Tactical defeat of Spartans at Mantineia proves strategically indecisive, in part because of the death of Epaminondas |