Tara Nummedal - Anna Zieglerin and the Lions Blood: Alchemy and End Times in Reformation Germany
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In 1573, the alchemist Anna Zieglerin gave her patron, the Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbttel, the recipe for an extraordinary substance she called the lions blood. She claimed that this golden oil could stimulate the growth of plants, create gemstones, transform lead into the coveted philosophers stoneand would serve a critical role in preparing for the Last Days. Boldly envisioning herself as a Protestant Virgin Mary, Anna proposed that the lions blood, paired with her own body, could even generate life, repopulating and redeeming the corrupt world in its final moments.
In Anna Zieglerin and the Lions Blood, Tara Nummedal reconstructs the extraordinary career and historical afterlife of alchemist, courtier, and prophet Anna Zieglerin. She situates Annas story within the wider frameworks of Reformation Germanys religious, political, and military battles; the rising influence of alchemy; the role of apocalyptic eschatology; and the position of women within these contexts. Together with her husband, the jester Heinrich Schombach, and their companion and fellow alchemist Philipp Sommering, Anna promised her patrons at the court of Wolfenbttel spiritual salvation and material profit. But her compelling vision brought with it another, darker possibility: rather than granting her patrons wealth or redemption, Annas alchemical gifts might instead lead to war, disgrace, and destruction. By 1575, three years after Annas arrival at court, her enemies had succeeded in turning her from holy alchemist into poisoner and sorceress, culminating in Annas arrest, torture, and public execution.
In her own life, Anna was a master of self-fashioning; in the centuries since her death, her story has been continually refashioned, making her a fitting emblem for each new age. Interweaving the history of science, gender, religion, and politics, Nummedal recounts how one resourceful womans alchemical schemes touched some of the most consequential matters in Reformation Germany.
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Anna Zieglerin
and the Lions Blood
and the Lions Blood
Alchemy and End Times in Reformation Germany
Tara Nummedal
A volume in the Haney Foundation Series, established in 1961 with the generous support of Dr. John Louis Haney.
Copyright 2019 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.
Published by
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
www.upenn.edu/pennpress
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Nummedal, Tara E., author.
Title: Anna Zieglerin and the lions blood: alchemy and end times in Reformation Germany / Tara Nummedal.
Other titles: Haney Foundation series.
Description: 1st edition. | Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, [2019] | Series: Haney Foundation series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018045210 | ISBN 9780812250893 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Zieglerin, Anna Maria, approximately 15451575. | AlchemistsGermanyBiography. | AlchemyGermanyHistory16th century. | AlchemyReligious aspectsChristianityHistory16th century. | Religion and scienceGermanyHistory16th century. | GermanyHistory15171648.
Classification: LCC QD24.Z54 N86 2019 | DDC 540.1/12092 [B]dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018045210
For Seth and Mila
Anna Maria Zieglerin (ca. 15451575), a.k.a. Anna Maria Ziegler or Schombachin, Schlterliese, or Schlter Ilsche (see A Note on Names). Saxon alchemist, prophet, and courtier. Married to Heinrich Schombach. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbttel.
Anna, Electress of Saxony (15321585). Born a Danish princess, later Electress of Saxony. Renowned for her medical and botanical skill. Married to August of Saxony.
August, Elector of Saxony (15261586). Adversary of his cousin Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony during the Grumbach Feud and its aftermath. Interested in mining, alchemy, and agriculture. Married to Anna of Saxony.
Hnschen, a.k.a. Hans, Hnsen, or Hnsel Mller, Henkel, or Tausendschn (ca. 15501567). Peasant boy from Sundhausen, a village near Gotha. Angel seer for Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony. Executed in 1567 in Gotha.
Hedwig, Duchess of Braunschweig-Lneburg (15401602). Annas nemesis in Wolfenbttel, also known for her medical and botanical skill. Married to Julius of Braunschweig-Lneburg.
Heinrich Julius, Duke of Braunschweig-Lneburg (15641613). Julius and Hedwigs eldest son, known for his interest in the law and baroque theater, as well as witch-hunting and the expulsion of the Jews from the duchy. Presided over Anna, Philipp, and Heinrichs sentencing in 1575 at age ten.
Heinrich Schombach (d. 1575), a.k.a. Schielheinz (Cross-Eyed Heinz). Valet and court jester at the court of Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony until 1567, then alchemical assistant and courtier in Wolfenbttel. Married to Anna Zieglerin. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbttel.
Jobst Kettwig (d. 1575). Mercenary captain from Holstein, then courtier to Duke Julius of Braunschweig-Lneburg. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbttel.
Johann Friedrich II, Duke of Saxony (15291595). Lutheran polemicist, possible Last World Emperor, and Heinrich Schombach and Philipp Smmerings patron in the 1560s. Imprisoned in Austria after the Grumbach Feud and his defeat during the siege of Gotha in 1567.
Johann Georg, Elector of Brandenburg (15251598). Carried out a pogrom and expelled Berlins Jews after executing Lippold in 1573. Hedwigs brother, Juliuss mentor.
Julius, Duke of Braunschweig-Lneburg and Prince of Braunschweig-Wolfenbttel (15281589). Annas patron in Wolfenbttel, married to Hedwig of Braunschweig-Lneburg.
Katharina, Margravess of Brandenburg-Kstrin (15181574). Anna Zieglerins foe. Juliuss sister, married to Hedwigs uncle, Margrave Johann of Kstrin.
Lippold, or Lipman ben (Judel) Chluchim (before 15301573). Treasurer (Schatullenverwalter) for Elector Joachim Hector II of Brandenburg, administrator (Oberltester) of the Jewish community, and master of the mint in Brandenburg. Executed in 1573 in Berlin.
Margarete, Duchess of Mnsterberg-Oels (15161580). Juliuss eldest sister. Married to Johann of Mnsterberg-Oels.
Philipp Smmering (d. 1575). Lutheran pastor in Thuringia until 1567, then alchemist, mining, and church adviser in Wolfenbttel. Married to Catharina Smmering. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbttel.
Silvester Schulverman (d. 1575). Mercenary soldier from Lbeck, then alchemical assistant and courtier to Duke Julius of Braunschweig-Lneburg. Executed in 1575 in Wolfenbttel.
Wilhelm von Grumbach (15031567). Frankish imperial knight, adviser to Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony. Executed in 1567 in Gotha.
Early modern German names were fluid, particularly for women, both in spelling and in form. Noblewomen, for example, took on the names or titles of their husbands, changing their names over the course of their lives, which makes them sometimes confusing to track. Hedwig was born as Margravess Hedwig of Brandenburg, but once she married Duke Julius, she became Duchess Hedwig of Braunschweig-Lneburg and Princess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbttel. Annas surname was also unstable in the sixteenth century, and she signed her own name variously as Anna Maria Zigler/Ziegler, Ziglerin/Zieglerin, or more rarely (taking her husbands name) Schombach/Schombachin. The suffix -in was added irregularly to Annas surname in the sixteenth century and should be understood simply as an indicator of the female form of her family name, Ziegler. Because the suffix -in has been abandoned in modern German, it is tempting to drop it in Annas name today. Moreover, the -in suffix can sometimes have a pejorative ring to modern German ears, as in that Zieglerin woman. Because Anna seems to have referred to herself most often as Anna Maria Zieglerin, however, I have chosen to follow her own usage.
FIGURE 1. Schlterlieses witchs chair. Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, ZG 3905. Photo credit: Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, I. Simon.
In October 2011, the State Museum in Braunschweig, Germany, opened an exhibit to celebrate its 120th anniversary. On display were 120 objects from the museums collections, each meant to spark a dialogue between the viewer and a particular moment in the regions past. Among the objects was an ornate iron chair said to be from the sixteenth century (see
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