O. R. Gurney - The Hittites

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Text originally published in 1952 under the same title.

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THE HITTITES

BY

O. R. GURNEY

Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TO MY UNCLE, JOHN GARSTANG

a. Bronze statuette from Boghazky. Berlin State Museum

b. Stone figurine from Kltepe. From Revue Hittite et Asianique, 111, pl. 7.

2. Hittite prisoners on Egyptian monuments

a. From E. Meyer, Darstellungen der Fremdvlker, No. 217

b. From tomb of Haremhab. National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden

3. Hittite charioteers as represented by Egyptians. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang

4. Kings Gate figure, Boghazky. By courtesy of Professor H. Otten

a. Bronze statuette. Berlin State Museum

b. Gold statuette in British Museum

c. Lead figurine from Kltepe. By courtesy of Professor Nimet zg

6. Boghazky, view showing remains of Lower Temple. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang

7. Boghazky, southern wall and rampart. From authors photograph

8. Boghazky, lion gate. Photograph by Professor R. A. Crossland

9. Alaja Hyk, sphinxes. By courtesy of Dr. Hamit Z. Koay

10. Boghazky, sphinx from Yerkapu. By courtesy of Professor H. Otten

11. Boghazky, postern gate and tunnel. From authors photograph

12. Yazilikaya, view of main gallery. From authors photograph

a. Yazilikaya, central group. Photograph by Professor R. A. Crossland

b. Yazilikaya, procession of gods. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang

14. Yazilikaya, part of side gallery. From K. Bittel, Die Felsbilder von Yazilikaya

15. Yazilikaya, bas-relief in side gallery

a. Photograph by Professor R. A. Crossland

b. From cast in Berlin State Museum

16. Alaja Hyk, king and queen worshipping bull. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang

17. Alaja Hyk, boar hunt. By courtesy of Professor H. Otten

18. Rock-relief at Gavur Kalesi. From authors photograph

19. Rock-relief at Sirkeli by River Jeyhan. In background, medieval castle of Yilankale. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang

a. Stone pedestal from Boghazky. Photograph by Dr. Hamit Z. Koay

b. The Tarkondemos seal. Ashmolean Museum (replica)

21. Hittite seals and their impressions. Ashmolean Museum

a. Impression of Hittite cylinder seal. From H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, pl. XLII.

b. Gold ring bought at Konya. Ashmolean Museum

a. Gold vessels from Alaja Hyk. Pre-Hittite

b. Hittite rhyton from Karahyk, Elbistan

24. Pottery vessels from Kltepe. By courtesy of Professor Nimet zg

25. Hittite cuneiform tablet. Berlin State Museum

26. Hittite hieroglyphic inscription. From D. G. Hogarth, Carchemish

27. Lion from Malatya. By courtesy of Dr. Hamit Z. Koay

28. Figure of Weather-god from Zinjirli. Berlin State Museum

29. Relief from Karatepe showing musicians and dancer. By courtesy of Professor H. T. Bossert

30. An Anatolian house under construction. Photograph by Professor R. A. Crossland

31. The central Anatolian plain. From authors photograph

32. Bolkar Maden and the Taurus Mountains. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang

1. Map of Asia Minor

2. Plan of Boghazky (Hattusas)

3. Reconstruction of defensive walls, Boghazky, showing end of tunnel (From O. Puchstein, Boghazki, die Bauwerke , pl. 10a)

4. Plan of gate, Boghazky (From O. Puchstein, Boghazki, die Bauwerke, pl. 20)

5. Reconstruction of a gate, inner side (From O. Puchstein, Boghazki, die Bauwerke, p. 80)

6. Reconstruction of a gate, outer side (From O. Puchstein, Boghazki, die Bauwerke, p. 66)

7. The god on the stag. Steatite relief from Yeniky (From C.-G. von Brandenstein, Hethitische Gtter, fig. 17)

8. Sculptures of the main gallery, Yazilikaya (From J. Garstang, The Hittite Empire, pl. XXIV)

9. Plans of temples at Boghazky

10. Reconstruction of courtyard of Temple V. Boghazky (From K. Krause, Boghazky, Tempel V, pl. VIII)

11. Bas-relief from Alaja Hyk. King worshipping bull, as symbol of the Weather-God (From J. Garstang, The Hittite Empire, fig. 8)

12. Bas-relief from Malatya (From J. Garstang, The Hittite Empire, fig. 17)

13. Seal-impression, probably Mitannian (From H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, p. 276, fig. 90)

14. The dirk-god, Yazilikaya

15. Impressions of Hittite seals (From H. G. Gterbock, Siegel aus Boazky, no. 3 after S. Alp, Zur Lesung von manchen Personennamen auf den Hieroglyphenhethitischen Siegeln und Inschriften, p. 49)

16. Impressions of royal seals: (1 and 2) Muwatallis, (3) Suppiluliumas, (4) Urhi-Teshub, (5) Tudhaliyas, (6) Hattusilis (From H. G. Gterbock, Siegel aus Boazky, 1)

17. Libation scene, from Malatya (From L. Delaporte, Malatya, pl. XXIV)

18. Stag-hunt, from Malatya (From O. Weber, Hethitische Kunst, pl. 41)

19. Fabulous monster, from Carchemish (From J. Garstang, The Hittite Empire, fig. 27)

20. Fragment from the Ramesseum showing the face of the Hittite king (Muwatallis) at the battle of Kadesh. (Aegyptisches Museum, Berlin, 1967 catalogue, no. 812)

This small work was undertaken at the invitation of Professor M. E. L. Mallowan, and is an attempt to present for English readers a concise account of Hittite history and civilization within the limits of our present knowledge. I do not claim that the work contains much that is original. Nearly all the conclusions presented here may be found in the writings of German or French scholars over the last twenty-five years. However, no synthesis of these results has yet been published in the English language, and it may therefore be hoped that this book may go some way to meet a real need.

It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge the kindness of all those who have assisted me in the production of the book. The following have provided photographs, from which the plates have been made: Professor H. Otten, on behalf of the Berlin State Museum (Plates 1 a, 4, 5 a, 10, 15 b , 17, 25 and 28); Dr. Hamit Z. Koay (Plates 9, 20 a, 23 a and 27), Professor Nimet zg (Plates 5 c , 23 b and 24), Professor H. T. Bossert (Plate 29), Professor J. Garstang (Plates 6, 13 b, 16, 19 and 32), the Director of the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden (Plate 2 b ), the Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum (Plates 20 b, 21 and 22 b ), and Professor R. A. Crossland (Plates, 8, 13a, 15a and 30). Professor Garstang has also generously placed at my disposal a number of drawings originally made for his book The Hittite Empire. I am particularly indebted to Professor A. Goetze for allowing me to read the typescript of his forthcoming paper on the predecessors of Suppiluliumas. The chapter on Law and Institutions owes much to the guidance and advice of Sir John Miles. Professor Garstang again has contributed many valuable suggestions at all stages, but especially in reading the proofs. To all these friends and colleagues I offer my most sincere thanks for their assistance. A special word of thanks is due to my mother, Mrs S. G. Gurney, for her preparation of the index.