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John Toland - Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography

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Book:
Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
Author:
John Toland
Publisher:
Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
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Books / Non-fiction
Year:
2014
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Pulitzer Prize-winning historian John Tolands classic, definitive biography of Adolf Hitler remains the most thorough, readable, accessible, and, as much as possible, objective account of the life of a man whose evil affect on the world in the twentieth century will always be felt.
Tolands research provided one of the final opportunities for a historian to conduct personal interviews with over two hundred individuals intimately associated with Hitler. At a certain distance yet still with access to many of the people who enabled and who opposed the fhrer and his Third Reich, Toland strove to treat this life as if Hitler lived and died a hundred years before instead of within his own memory. From childhood and obscurity to his desperate end, Adolf Hitler emerges , in Tolands words, far more complex and contradictory . . . obsessed by his dream of cleansing Europe Jews . . . a hybrid of Prometheus and Lucifer.

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Adolf Hitler Biography

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Contents

Biography

Introduction

Adolf Hitler was a German nationalist politician, Reich Chancellor from 1933 and dictator, with the title Fhrer of Germany from 1934 to 1945.

Head of the German Social Workers' National Socialist Party, as well as the main connoisseur of National Socialism, Hitler conquered power by riding the wounded pride of the German people after the defeat in the First World War and the grave economic crisis that afflicted the Weimar Republic.

Using his oratory skills and dissatisfaction with the middle classes, he presented a political manifestation of nationalism, anti-communism and anti-Semitism and after alternate events,

Arrived at the Chancellery in January 1933.

In 1934, after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg, the title of Fhrer and Chancellor of the Reich was lawfully attributed, stating in his hands the powers of the state and establishing a dictatorial regime.

Thanks to a powerful and effective program of economic restructuring and military rearmament, Hitler pursued an extremely aggressive foreign policy, mainly aimed at expanding the Lebensraum (living space) of Germany at the expense of the peoples of Eastern Europe. In a series of challenges to the international community, he came to invade Poland on September 1, 1939, causing the outbreak of World War II.

Since then, Hitler personally conducted war operations, exercising a decisive influence on strategic choices and operational leadership.

Thanks to its decisions and its determination, the early years of the conflict were characterized by impressive victories, which allowed the Third Reich to dominate most of Europe and seemed to demonstrate the invincibility of the Wehrmacht. However, since 1942, with the formation of the powerful coalition of the Anglo-American-Soviet Allies, Germany had to pass on the defensive and undergo the increasingly effective attacks of its enemies.

Abandoned by the allies, worn out by continued defeats and increasingly precarious physical and psychic conditions, Hitler refused to surrender his weapons and continued stubbornly.

He remained locked up with his faithful troops in a Berlin now encircled by the Red Army, and committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945, along with his companion Eva Braun, who married the day before.

Responsible for the deaths of millions of people, Hitler was a proponent of a nationalist and racist ideology, and a policy of discrimination and extermination that struck various ethnic, political and social groups. Slav populations, Roman ethnicities, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, political opponents , Members of Freemasonry, prisoners of war, physical and mental disabilities, and especially Jews. Since 1933, segregated from the social and economic life of the country, Jews and other minorities have been subject since 1941 to an internment and extermination plan known as the final solution, to which we have been referring since the postwar period The term of Shoah of the Holocaust. The word genocide was coined by Jewish Raphael Lemkin in a 1944 opera on Nazi extermination policies.

Family of origin

Hitler always tried to hide the events of his ascendants by omitting or distorting the truth, telling at that time only the episodes that could be useful to propaganda for his image.

So his family tree remained, for a long time, partially wrapped in mystery.

Already at that time, Heinrich Himmler commissioned his inquiries to ascertain the presence of any Jewish ancestry.

The name "Hitler", also in the form of "Hiedler", "Httler" or "Huettler", would come from Htte "hut", or by hten "guard, shepherd"; Alternatively it may not have a Germanic origin, but a Slavic, probably Czech, with the surname "Hidlar" and "Hidlarek".

The surname of Hitler's paternal grandmother, "Schicklgruber", was supposed to be of Jewish origin, although historians have denied that claim.

Nevertheless, in Eastern Europe, especially in Poland, in Ukraine and in Lithuania, there were actually Jewish families who had their surname "Hiedler" and "Httler", although there is no trace of a possible emigration to Austria or, if this has actually happened, of their possible kinship with the grandmother of the future dictator. During the years of the Weimarfuron Republic there were several rumors about his alleged Jewish lineage, many of which were advocated by Josef Greiner, an Austrian writer hostile to Hitler, who however claimed to know his family well.

He later remarked that Hitler's surname was a construct, as Jewish surnames in the Germanic world were typically (and they are).

The surname "Hitler" comes from the noun "Hut", or "hat", but also "guard "And in fact Hitler's father worked as a customs guard. On October 14, 1933, an article appeared on the London Daily Mirror newspaper, accompanied by an explicit photograph showing the image of a funeral tombstone in a Jewish cemetery in Bucharest, Romania, bearing the epitaph of a certain Adolf Hitler, probably a Grandfather of the future dictator.

Hitler's, Hiedler's, Huttler's, and other variants are not so rare in Hitler's native region, Upper Austria; Neither are the surnames of the relatives of the dictator, both the Ptzl and Schicklgruber, so much so that Himmler's investigations did not approve to certain conclusions.

In any case, it was concluded that "Hitler" was a "fake", comodo Alois, the father of the future dictator, born in 1837, was the illegitimate son of Maria Schicklgruber and unknown father.

He had his maternal grandfather up to thirty-nine years and succeeded, perhaps through a parish priest and a notorious companion, to convince the church of Dllersheim and Mistelbach (Upper Austria) to be given the surname of the late husband of his mother, such as Johann Georg Hiedler, Died twenty years earlier, but nevertheless refused to recognize her paternity. In fact, he had a brother, Johann Nepomuk.

The latter had the surname "Hiedler", while in other documents it seems that the surname was "Httler". Johann Nepomuk took care of Alois baby and many historians hypothesized that he was the real biological father of the boy. The fact that Alois himself became the heir to her legacies.

Ultimately, to silence all these arrangements, the pastor has probably deliberately overthrown Alois's surname, which since 1877 officially became "Hitler." Adult Alois Hitler then entered as a customs officer at the border of Upper Austria.

In her life she had three wives: Anna Glassl, older and more wealthy than her, married in 1873, when she had not yet changed her surname in "Hitler", divorced in 1880 due to her many extramarital affairs.

Glassl died in 1883 at the age of sixty, and Alois was able to retire with his second wife, Franziska Matzelberger, from whom he had two sons: a male Alois and a female, Angela, from whom descended Angelika Raubal, his nephew who was so dear to the future dictator. With the birth of the second-born son, his second wife died in 1884. Alois married his third and last wife, Klara Plzl, in 1885. Adolf Hitler later confided to his closest associates that - precisely because of this fraternal paternal behavior - mixed with a crude character and incapable of affection - attempted to impose on itself the narrowest monogamy and irreproachable moral behavior (at least in public) even to all who belonged to his entourage.

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