J.P. Alcock - A Brief History of Roman Britain
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF
ROMAN
BRITAIN
JOAN P. ALCOCK
For Maureen Walsh, an encourager to greater efforts
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHRONOLOGY
| BC | |
| 55 | First invasion of Britain by Caesar |
| 54 | Second invasion by Caesar |
| 51 | Gaul made a province from mare nostrum to Oceanus |
| 34 | Augustus intended to invade Britain, but concentrated on the Rhineland |
| AD | |
| 7 | Dubnovellanus and Tincommius sought help from Augustus |
| 16 | Roman soldiers wrecked on British coast get help from Britons |
| 39 | Cunobelins son, Adminius, fled to seek help from Emperor Gaius. Gaius made preparations to invade Britain but desisted |
| 40 | Death of Cunobelin |
| 43 | Verica fled to Rome for help |
| 43 | Invasion of Aulus Plautius with Legions II Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina and XX. Visit of Claudius |
| 4752 | Governorship of Ostorius Scapula |
| 48 | Colchester was founded as a colonia |
| 49 | Romans extracted lead from Mendips |
| 528 | Governorship of Didius Gallius |
| 51 | Caratacus fought the Romans in North Wales, was defeated and fled to the protection of Cartimandua. Betrayed and taken captive to Rome. |
| 55 | Exeter founded |
| 578 | Governorship of Quintus Veranius |
| 5861 | Governorship of Suetonius Paullinus |
| 60 | Defeat of the Druids on Anglesey |
| 6061 | Rebellion of Boudicca. Legion XIV given title of Gemina Martia Victrix and Legion XX given title Valeria Victrix |
| 61 | Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus arrived as procurator |
| 613 | Governorship of Petronius Turpillius |
| 639 | Governorship of Trebillius Maximus |
| 67 | Legion XIV withdrawn from Britain and replaced by Legion II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis |
| 69 | Year of the Four Emperors |
| 69 | Problems in the Brigantian territory required help from the army |
| 6971 | Governorship of Vettius Bolanus |
| 714 | Governorship of Petillius Cerealis |
| 72 | Probable date of the fortress at York and the establishment of Aldborough |
| 747/8 | Governorship of Julius Frontinus. Defeat of the Silures and foundation of Caerleon and Chester forts. Development of Bath as a spa and religious centre |
| 77/883/4 | Governorship of Gnaeus Julius Agricola |
| 78 | Defeat of the Ordovici; policy of Romanization began |
| 79 | Verulamium became a municipium |
| 81 | Forts laid out along ForthClyde Isthmus |
| 82 | Fort built at Inchtuthil |
| 84 | Battle of Mons Graupius |
| 84 | Withdrawal of Legion II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis from Britain |
| 90/92 | Lincoln founded as a colonia |
| 96 | Gloucester founded as a colonia |
| 107 | Last recording of Legion IX in Britain. Probably withdrawn to the east |
| 1214 | Governorship of Aulus Platorius Nepos |
| 122 | Visit of Hadrian to Britain and commencement of building of Hadrians Wall |
| 129 | Dedication of Wroxeter forum |
| 13842 | Governorship of Quintus Lollius Urbicus |
| 138 | Beginning of building of Antonine Wall |
| 154 | Revolt of tribal forces in the Scottish lowlands |
| 1615 | Governorship of Calpurnius Agricola |
| 163 | War in the north. Probable abandonment of the Antonine Wall |
| 175 | 5,500 Sarmathian cavalry sent to Britain as reinforcements |
| 17784 | Governorship of Ulpius Marcellus |
| 184 | War in the north. Tribes crossed Hadrians Wall and defeated legionary troops. British garrison elected one of their troops, Priscus, as emperor. He refused and 1,500 troops went to Rome as a delegation to Commodus. Pertinax sent to Britain to clear up the problems. This caused a mutiny |
| 193 | Clodius Albinus put forward a claim to the empire |
| 196 | Clodius took troops from Britain to Gaul to fight Septimius Severus |
| 197 | Clodius defeated and killed; forts on Hadrians Wall and the Pennines attacked. Verius Lupus sent as governor to restore order |
| 198209 | Restoration and refurbishment of forts |
| 208 | Visit of Septimius Severus to Britain. Inconclusive campaigning in Scotland |
| 211 | Septimius Severus died in York. Accession of Caracalla |
| 212 | Britain divided into two provinces: Britannia Superior in the south with London as capital; Britannia Prima in the north with York as capital |
| 212 | Proclamation giving Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire |
| 230 | Verulamium built its town walls and other towns added defences. Britain remained relatively prosperous for rest of century |
| 230 | Saxon Shore forts began to be built. Building continued until at least 370 |
| 259 | Britain became part of the Gallic Empire |
| 273 | Aurelian suppressed the Gallic Empire |
| 286 | Carausius suppressed piracy and declared himself emperor |
| 293 | Murder of Carausius by Allectus |
| 296 | Constantius I attacked Britain. Allectus defeated and killed. Constantius entered London |
| 305 | Constantius returned to Britain as there were problems in the north |
| 306 | Constantius died at York |
| 312 | Edict of Milan guaranteed religious toleration to the empire |
| 313 | Britain was divided into four provinces: Maxima Caesariensis, Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda, Flavia Caesariensis |
| 314 | Report of three bishops from Britain attending the Council of Arles |
| 337 | Death of Constantine I. Britain comes under the rule of Constantine II |
| 340 | Murder of Constantine II by his brother Constans |
| 342 | Visit of Constans to Britain in midwinter. Reorganization of the army. Creation of the areani |
| 350 | Assassination of Constans. Magnentius removed troops from Britain, which resulted in uprising in the north. Risingham, Bewcastle and High Rochester were burned |
| 353 | Magnentius defeated and reprisals taken against those who supported him. Visit of Paulus to Britain |
| 359 | Britain sent 800 ships laden with grain to support Julians campaign in the Rhineland |
| 367 | Barbarian Conspiracy overran Britain. Theodosius was sent to restore order |
| 368 | Revolt of Valentinius, who had been exiled to Britain, suppressed |
| 369 | Restoration of towns and forts in Britain. Fifth province Valencia created |
| 383 | Death of Gratian. Magnus Maximus proclaimed emperor in Britain and invaded Gaul, taking with him part of the garrison. Raids of Picts and Scots into the north. Burning of villas in south-west |
| 388 | Magnus Maximus defeated and killed |
| 401 | More troops withdrawn from Britain to stop advance of Alaric on Rome |
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