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J.P. Alcock - A Brief History of Roman Britain

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J.P. Alcock A Brief History of Roman Britain
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In BC 55 Julius Caesar came, saw, conquered and then left. It was not until AD 43 that the Emperor Claudius crossed the channel and made Britain the western outpost of the Roman Empire that would span from the Scottish border to Persia. For the next 400 years the island would be transformed. Within that period would see the rise of Londinium, almost immediately burnt to the ground in 60 AD by Boudicca; Hadrians Wall which was constructed in 112 AD to keep the northern tribes at bay as well as the birth of the Emperor Constantine in third century York. This book is interwoven with the historical narrative is a social history of the period showing how roman society grew in Britain.

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF
ROMAN
BRITAIN


JOAN P. ALCOCK


Picture 1


For Maureen Walsh, an encourager to greater efforts

CONTENTS


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


CHRONOLOGY


BC
55First invasion of Britain by Caesar
54Second invasion by Caesar
51Gaul made a province from mare nostrum to Oceanus
34Augustus intended to invade Britain, but concentrated on the Rhineland
AD
7Dubnovellanus and Tincommius sought help from Augustus
16Roman soldiers wrecked on British coast get help from Britons
39Cunobelins son, Adminius, fled to seek help from Emperor Gaius. Gaius made preparations to invade Britain but desisted
40Death of Cunobelin
43Verica fled to Rome for help
43Invasion of Aulus Plautius with Legions II Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina and XX. Visit of Claudius
4752Governorship of Ostorius Scapula
48Colchester was founded as a colonia
49Romans extracted lead from Mendips
528Governorship of Didius Gallius
51Caratacus fought the Romans in North Wales, was defeated and fled to the protection of Cartimandua. Betrayed and taken captive to Rome.
55Exeter founded
578Governorship of Quintus Veranius
5861Governorship of Suetonius Paullinus
60Defeat of the Druids on Anglesey
6061Rebellion of Boudicca. Legion XIV given title of Gemina Martia Victrix and Legion XX given title Valeria Victrix
61Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus arrived as procurator
613Governorship of Petronius Turpillius
639Governorship of Trebillius Maximus
67Legion XIV withdrawn from Britain and replaced by Legion II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis
69Year of the Four Emperors
69Problems in the Brigantian territory required help from the army
6971Governorship of Vettius Bolanus
714Governorship of Petillius Cerealis
72Probable date of the fortress at York and the establishment of Aldborough
747/8Governorship of Julius Frontinus. Defeat of the Silures and foundation of Caerleon and Chester forts. Development of Bath as a spa and religious centre
77/883/4Governorship of Gnaeus Julius Agricola
78Defeat of the Ordovici; policy of Romanization began
79Verulamium became a municipium
81Forts laid out along ForthClyde Isthmus
82Fort built at Inchtuthil
84Battle of Mons Graupius
84Withdrawal of Legion II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis from Britain
90/92Lincoln founded as a colonia
96Gloucester founded as a colonia
107Last recording of Legion IX in Britain. Probably withdrawn to the east
1214Governorship of Aulus Platorius Nepos
122Visit of Hadrian to Britain and commencement of building of Hadrians Wall
129Dedication of Wroxeter forum
13842Governorship of Quintus Lollius Urbicus
138Beginning of building of Antonine Wall
154Revolt of tribal forces in the Scottish lowlands
1615Governorship of Calpurnius Agricola
163War in the north. Probable abandonment of the Antonine Wall
1755,500 Sarmathian cavalry sent to Britain as reinforcements
17784Governorship of Ulpius Marcellus
184War in the north. Tribes crossed Hadrians Wall and defeated legionary troops. British garrison elected one of their troops, Priscus, as emperor. He refused and 1,500 troops went to Rome as a delegation to Commodus. Pertinax sent to Britain to clear up the problems. This caused a mutiny
193Clodius Albinus put forward a claim to the empire
196Clodius took troops from Britain to Gaul to fight Septimius Severus
197Clodius defeated and killed; forts on Hadrians Wall and the Pennines attacked. Verius Lupus sent as governor to restore order
198209Restoration and refurbishment of forts
208Visit of Septimius Severus to Britain. Inconclusive campaigning in Scotland
211Septimius Severus died in York. Accession of Caracalla
212Britain divided into two provinces: Britannia Superior in the south with London as capital; Britannia Prima in the north with York as capital
212Proclamation giving Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire
230Verulamium built its town walls and other towns added defences. Britain remained relatively prosperous for rest of century
230Saxon Shore forts began to be built. Building continued until at least 370
259Britain became part of the Gallic Empire
273Aurelian suppressed the Gallic Empire
286Carausius suppressed piracy and declared himself emperor
293Murder of Carausius by Allectus
296Constantius I attacked Britain. Allectus defeated and killed. Constantius entered London
305Constantius returned to Britain as there were problems in the north
306Constantius died at York
312Edict of Milan guaranteed religious toleration to the empire
313Britain was divided into four provinces: Maxima Caesariensis, Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda, Flavia Caesariensis
314Report of three bishops from Britain attending the Council of Arles
337Death of Constantine I. Britain comes under the rule of Constantine II
340Murder of Constantine II by his brother Constans
342Visit of Constans to Britain in midwinter. Reorganization of the army. Creation of the areani
350Assassination of Constans. Magnentius removed troops from Britain, which resulted in uprising in the north. Risingham, Bewcastle and High Rochester were burned
353Magnentius defeated and reprisals taken against those who supported him. Visit of Paulus to Britain
359Britain sent 800 ships laden with grain to support Julians campaign in the Rhineland
367Barbarian Conspiracy overran Britain. Theodosius was sent to restore order
368Revolt of Valentinius, who had been exiled to Britain, suppressed
369Restoration of towns and forts in Britain. Fifth province Valencia created
383Death of Gratian. Magnus Maximus proclaimed emperor in Britain and invaded Gaul, taking with him part of the garrison. Raids of Picts and Scots into the north. Burning of villas in south-west
388Magnus Maximus defeated and killed
401More troops withdrawn from Britain to stop advance of Alaric on Rome
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