Historical Dictionaries of Literature
and the Arts
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
Science Fiction Literature , by Brian Stableford, 2004.
Hong Kong Cinema , by Lisa Odham Stokes, 2007.
American Radio Soap Operas , by Jim Cox, 2005.
Japanese Traditional Theatre , by Samuel L. Leiter, 2006.
Fantasy Literature , by Brian Stableford, 2005.
Australian and New Zealand Cinema , by Albert Moran and Errol Vieth, 2006.
African-American Television , by Kathleen Fearn-Banks, 2006.
Lesbian Literature , by Meredith Miller, 2006.
Scandinavian Literature and Theater , by Jan Sjvik, 2006.
British Radio , by Sen Street, 2006.
German Theater , by William Grange, 2006.
African American Cinema , by S. Torriano Berry and Venise Berry, 2006.
Sacred Music , by Joseph P. Swain, 2006.
Russian Theater , by Laurence Senelick, 2007.
French Cinema , by Dayna Oscherwitz and MaryEllen Higgins, 2007.
Postmodernist Literature and Theater , by Fran Mason, 2007.
Irish Cinema , by Roderick Flynn and Pat Brereton, 2007.
Australian Radio and Television , by Albert Moran and Chris Keating, 2007.
Polish Cinema , by Marek Haltof, 2007.
Old Time Radio , by Robert C. Reinehr and Jon D. Swartz, 2008.
Renaissance Art , by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2008.
Broadway Musical , by William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird, 2008.
American Theater: Modernism , by James Fisher and Felicia Hardison Londr, 2008.
German Cinema , by Robert C. Reimer and Carol J. Reimer, 2008.
Horror Cinema , by Peter Hutchings, 2008.
Westerns in Cinema , by Paul Varner, 2008.
Chinese Theater , by Tan Ye, 2008.
Italian Cinema , by Gino Moliterno, 2008.
Architecture , by Allison Lee Palmer, 2008.
Russian and Soviet Cinema , by Peter Rollberg, 2008.
African American Theater , by Anthony D. Hill, 2009.
Postwar German Literature , by William Grange, 2009.
Modern Japanese Literature and Theater , by J. Scott Miller, 2009.
Animation and Cartoons , by Nichola Dobson, 2009.
Modern Chinese Literature , by Li-hua Ying, 2010.
Middle Eastern Cinema , by Terri Ginsberg and Chris Lippard, 2010.
Spanish Cinema , by Alberto Mira, 2010.
Film Noir , by Andrew Spicer, 2010.
French Theater , by Edward Forman, 2010.
Choral Music , by Melvin P. Unger, 2010.
Westerns in Literature , by Paul Varner, 2010.
Baroque Art and Architecture , by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2010.
Surrealism , by Keith Aspley, 2010.
Science Fiction Cinema , by M. Keith Booker, 2010.
Latin American Literature and Theater , by Richard A. Young and Odile Cisneros, 2011.
Childrens Literature , by Emer OSullivan, 2010.
German Literature to 1945 , by William Grange, 2011.
Neoclassical Art and Architecture , by Allison Lee Palmer, 2011.
American Cinema , by M. Keith Booker, 2011.
American Theater: Contemporary , by James Fisher, 2011.
Historical Dictionary of American Cinema
M. Keith Booker
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham Toronto Plymouth, UK
2011
Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom
Copyright 2011 by M. Keith Booker
All rights reserved . No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Booker, M. Keith.
Historical dictionary of American cinema / M. Keith Booker.
p. cm. (Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-7192-2 (cloth : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-8108-7459-6 (ebook)
1. Motion picturesUnited StatesDictionaries. I. Title.
PN1993.5.U6B653 2011
791.430973'03dc22
2010048178
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
For Benjamin Booker, Skylor Booker, and Adam Booker
Editors Foreword
American cinema was not the first on the scene, but it quickly became the foremost in terms of the number of films, variety of genres, technological innovation, certainly marketing clout, and sometimes (although not always) quality. Since its earliest steps in the age of silent film to the present days of computer-generated imagery, it has undergone ups and downs both commercially and artistically, and it has also come under political pressure on occasion. There were times when it was overshadowed by other cinemas, particularly in Europe with regard to quality, and more recently Hollywood has slipped in terms of sheer quantity compared to Bollywood. Still, while not always the trendsetter, and even when it misses out on new technologies or fashions, it quickly catches up and often pulls ahead. Thus American cinemathe concept as well as the realityhas long been and remains at the top of the list, constantly generating films that are shown almost everywhere and whose directors, producers, and especially actors are known around the world.
So this Historical Dictionary of American Cinema , although appearing later than works on other national cinemas, is certainly a crucial volume that has to fill a very big gap. This it does more than adequately. First, the historical span of nearly a century and a half is traced in the chronology. Then, the introduction provides a broader overview, following its evolution from one era to the next, right down to the very latest events. The dictionary section, large and densely packed with information, looks into many of the essential details with hundreds of entries on the main actors, directors, producers, scriptwriters, composers, and others who contribute to the making of a film, as well as a few dozen on the main types of films. Some of the best-known films get their own entries, as do the major and some independent studios, certain technical aspects, and the most prestigious awards. For cinema buffs, the bibliography is hardly the least, since it includes references to further reading on all these topics and more.
This latest addition to the subseries on cinema was written by M. Keith Booker, who is the James E. and Ellen Wadley Roper Professor of English and also the director of the Program in Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies at the University of Arkansas. In a long and fruitful career, he has written and lectured not only on literature but also popular culture more generally, with a definite emphasis on cinema as well as television and related fields. The genre he has dealt with most is science fiction, and he is the author of the recently published Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema as well as a number of other books on that topic. All in all, he has written several dozen books in this circle of topics, which have made him a recognized authority. It is thus fortunate that he has written this volume in which he can refer to so many areas that will doubtlessly interest not only students and academics but movie buffs as well.
Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
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