Jonathan Bate - Soul of the Age: A Biography of the Mind of William Shakespeare

All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lined,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances.
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank, and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

THE SEVEN AGES OF MAN: A FIFTEENTH-CENTURY GERMAN WOODCUT, WITH THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE IN THE CENTER.

He was not of an age, but for all time! So wrote Ben Jonson in the poem of praise published in the First Folio of collected plays by his friend and rival William Shakespeare. My earlier book The Genius of Shakespeare took that claim seriously and suggested that what we mean by Shakespeare is not just a life that lasted from 1564 to 1616. We also mean a body of words, characters, ideas, and stage images that have remained alive for four centuries because of their endless capacity for renewal and adaptation through the work of succeeding generations of actors and spectators, appreciative readers, and creative artists in every conceivable medium.

In the same poem Jonson also described Shakespeare as Soul of the age. In this book, I turn to that claim, taking it equally seriously. The Elizabethans regarded the soul as the principle of life: through his works, Shakespeare gives life to his age. In trying to imagine what Jonson meant by his claim, we need to ask both, What was it like being Shakespeare? and, What are the most telling ways in which Shakespeare's works embodyor rather ensoulthe world-picture of his age? We have to shuttle back and forth between the Shakespearean mind and what has been usefully called the Shakespearean moment. Shakespeare's uniqueness must be held in balance with his typicality.

Both not of an age and Soul of the age. For Ralph Waldo Emerson, writing in nineteenth-century New England, Shakespeare was inconceivably wise, possessed of a brain so uniquely vast that no one can penetrate it. But at the same time, he was the incarnation of a cause, a country, and an age. It is this double quality that makes Shakespeare, in Emerson's fine phrase, the