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Stephen Church - Henry III: A Simple and God-Fearing King

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Henry III was a medieval king whose long reign continues to have a profound impact on us today. He was on the throne for 56 years and during this time England was transformed from being the private play-thing of a French speaking dynasty into a medieval state in which the king answered for his actions to an English parliament, which emerged during Henrys lifetime.Despite Henrys central importance for the birth of parliament and the development of a state recognisably modern in many of its institutions, it is Henrys most vociferous opponent, Simon de Montfort, who is in many ways more famous than the monarch himself.Henry is principally known today as the driving force behind the building of Westminster Abbey, but he deserves to be better understood for many reasons - as Stephen Churchs sparkling account makes clear.Part of the Penguin Monarchs series: short, fresh, expert accounts of Englands rulers in a highly collectible format

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Penguin Monarchs

THE HOUSES OF WESSEX AND DENMARK

AthelstanTom Holland
Aethelred the UnreadyRichard Abels
CnutRyan Lavelle
Edward the ConfessorJames Campbell

THE HOUSES OF NORMANDY, BLOIS AND ANJOU

William IMarc Morris
William IIJohn Gillingham
Henry IEdmund King
StephenCarl Watkins
Henry IIRichard Barber
Richard IThomas Asbridge
JohnNicholas Vincent

THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

Henry IIIStephen Church
Edward IAndy King
Edward IIChristopher Given-Wilson
Edward IIIJonathan Sumption
Richard IILaura Ashe

THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK

Henry IVCatherine Nall
Henry VAnne Curry
Henry VIJames Ross
Edward IVA. J. Pollard
Edward VThomas Penn
Richard IIIRosemary Horrox

THE HOUSE OF TUDOR

Henry VIISean Cunningham
Henry VIIIJohn Guy
Edward VIStephen Alford
Mary IJohn Edwards
Elizabeth IHelen Castor

THE HOUSE OF STUART

James IThomas Cogswell
Charles IMark Kishlansky
[CromwellDavid Horspool]
Charles IIClare Jackson
James IIDavid Womersley
William III & Mary IIJonathan Keates
AnneRichard Hewlings

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER

George ITim Blanning
George IINorman Davies
George IIIAmanda Foreman
George IVStella Tillyard
William IVRoger Knight
VictoriaJane Ridley

THE HOUSES OF SAXE-COBURG & GOTHA AND WINDSOR

Edward VIIRichard Davenport-Hines
George VDavid Cannadine
Edward VIIIPiers Brendon
George VIPhilip Ziegler
Elizabeth IIDouglas Hurd
Stephen Church

HENRY III
A Simple and God-Fearing King
Henry III ALLEN LANE UK USA Canada Ireland Australia India New - photo 1
Henry III ALLEN LANE UK USA Canada Ireland Australia India New - photo 2
Henry III
ALLEN LANE

UK | USA | Canada | Ireland | Australia

India | New Zealand | South Africa

Penguin Books is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com

First published 2017 Copyright Stephen Church 2017 The moral right of the - photo 3

First published 2017

Copyright Stephen Church, 2017

The moral right of the author has been asserted

Cover design by Pentagram

Cover art by Marcel George

ISBN: 978-0-141-97800-0

For Sam as he embarks on his journey

A Note on Statutes

Key pieces of thirteenth-century legal provision are often called statutes in the literature and they were granted by the king. The kings justices thereafter might improve on the laws, but they could not change them. The king himself likewise might move the law forward, but could not go against the law. Statutes were thus law which transcended the individual person of the king to become embedded in the fabric of English justice and society and they date from the reign of Henry III. They therefore mark a radical departure from what had gone before.

1225Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest. These two charters were reissued six times in the thirteenth century (1235, 1237, 1253, 1265, 1297 and, finally, in 1300), a good reminder of how hard it was in practice to restrict the actions of medieval English kings, no matter what the theory
1236Provisions of Merton
1258Provisions of Oxford
1259Provisions of Westminster
1266Dictum of Kenilworth
1267Statute of Marlborough (which incorporated most of the content of the Provisions of Westminster and added a further eight and a half new chapters)

The great bulk of the law of England was, however, unenacted; it was customary law.

Henry III was the first King of England since Harold Godwinson d 1066 to be - photo 4

Henry III was the first King of England since Harold Godwinson (d. 1066) to be raised exclusively in the kingdom. All his immediate predecessors had enjoyed a period of their lives as continental princes, and although Henry claimed to be the Duke of Normandy, the Count of Anjou and the Duke of Aquitaine, these titles were relics of an earlier age. Henry had been born into the midst of crisis, at Winchester on 1 October 1207, when his father, King John, was embroiled in a battle with Pope Innocent III over the appointment to the archbishopric of Canterbury. King John had, moreover, already lost those continental lands to which his and Henrys titles called attention, and he was attempting to get them back. That John eventually failed in this task that he had set for himself directly brought about the calamity that led to the granting of the terms enshrined in Magna Carta. The Magna Carta crisis resulted in civil war and then a French invasion. It was during this assault on the kingdom that John died and Henry was catapulted into centre stage aged just nine.

INHERITANCE

As he lay on his deathbed, King John knew that he had left to his son an uncertain future. In his last testament, probably composed on the night that he died, 18 October 1216, John asked his executors to provide support for my sons towards obtaining and defending their inheritance. In 1213, King John had resigned his kingdoms of England and Ireland into papal hands to receive them back again as papal fiefs. Honorius III was, therefore, entirely the right person to be Henry IIIs legal guardian.

The men who were to ensure the succession of Johns nine-year-old son were led by the papal legate, Cardinal Guala. It was he who was the principal officiant at the coronation service that Henry underwent at Gloucester Abbey on 28 October 1216. The event was unprecedented and its extraordinary nature can be gauged by comparing it to how a coronation should have been conducted. To begin with, Westminster Abbey had established itself as the coronation church of the English kings. It had enjoyed this status since 1066 and the Abbot of Westminster in But Honorius III had given Guala the plenitude of papal power to act as he thought right for the king and his kingdom. Prior Walter had been firmly put in his place.

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