MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION SERIES
J AMES A. B ANKS , Series Editor
Is Everyone Really Equal? An Introduction to Key Concepts in Social Justice Education, Second Edition
ZLEM S ENSOY AND R OBIN D I A NGELO
Teaching for Equity in Complex Times: Negotiating Standards in a High-Performing Bilingual School
J AMY S TILLMAN AND L AUREN A NDERSON
Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students: A Critical Race Feminista Praxis
D OLORES D ELGADO B ERNAL AND E NRIQUE A LEMN , J R .
Un-Standardizing Curriculum: Multicultural Teaching in the Standards-Based Classroom, 2nd Edition
C HRISTINE E. S LEETER AND J UDITH F LORES C ARMONA
Global Migration, Diversity, and Civic Education: Improving Policy and Practice
J AMES A. B ANKS , M ARCELO S UREZ -O ROZCO , AND M IRIAM B EN -P ERETZ , E DS .
Reclaiming the Multicultural Roots of U.S. Curriculum: Communities of Color and Official Knowledge in Education
W AYNE A U , A NTHONY L. B ROWN , AND D OLORES C ALDERN
Human Rights and Schooling: An Ethical Framework for Teaching for Social Justice
A UDREY O SLER
We Cant Teach What We Dont Know: White Teachers, Multiracial Schools, Third Edition
G ARY R. H OWARD
Teaching and Learning on the Verge: Democratic Education in Action
S HANTI E LLIOTT
Engaging the Race Question: Accountability and Equity in U.S. Higher Education
A LICIA C. D OWD AND E STELA M ARA B ENSIMON
Diversity and Education: A Critical Multicultural Approach
M ICHAEL V AVRUS
First Freire: Early Writings in Social Justice Education
C ARLOS A LBERTO T ORRES
Mathematics for Equity: A Framework for Successful Practice
N AILAH S UAD N ASIR , C ARLOS C ABANA , B ARBARA S HREVE , E STELLE W OODBURY , AND N ICOLE L OUIE , E DS .
Race, Empire, and English Language Teaching: Creating Responsible and Ethical Anti-Racist Practice
S UHANTHIE M OTHA
Black Male(d): Peril and Promise in the Education of African American Males
T YRONE C. H OWARD
LGBTQ Youth and Education: Policies and Practices
C RIS M AYO
Race Frameworks: A Multidimensional Theory of Racism and Education
Z EUS L EONARDO
Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty: Strategies for Erasing the Opportunity Gap
P AUL C. G ORSKI
Class Rules: Exposing Inequality in American High Schools
P ETER W. C OOKSON J R .
Teachers Without Borders? The Hidden Consequences of International Teachers in U.S. Schools
A LYSSA H ADLEY D UNN
Streetsmart Schoolsmart: Urban Poverty and the Education of Adolescent Boys
G ILBERTO Q. C ONCHAS AND J AMES D IEGO V IGIL
Americans by Heart: Undocumented Latino Students and the Promise of Higher Education
W ILLIAM P REZ
Achieving Equity for Latino Students: Expanding the Pathway to Higher Education Through Public Policy
F RANCES C ONTRERAS
Literacy Achievement and Diversity: Keys to Success for Students, Teachers, and Schools
K ATHRYN H. A U
Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools
A NNE H. C HARITY H UDLEY AND C HRISTINE M ALLINSON
Latino Children Learning English: Steps in the Journey
G UADALUPE V ALDS , S ARAH C APITELLI , AND L AURA A LVAREZ
Asians in the Ivory Tower: Dilemmas of Racial Inequality in American Higher Education
R OBERT T. T ERANISHI
Our Worlds in Our Words: Exploring Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Multicultural Classrooms
M ARY D ILG
Culturally Responsive Teaching, Second Edition
G ENEVA G AY
Why Race and Culture Matter in Schools
T YRONE C. H OWARD
Diversity and Equity in Science Education
O KHEE L EE AND C ORY A. B UXTON
Forbidden Language
P ATRICIA G NDARA AND M EGAN H OPKINS , E DS .
The Light in Their Eyes, 10th Anniversary Edition
S ONIA N IETO
The Flat World and Education
L INDA D ARLING -H AMMOND
Teaching What Really Happened
J AMES W. L OEWEN
Diversity and the New Teacher
C ATHERINE C ORNBLETH
Frogs into Princes: Writings on School Reform
L ARRY C UBAN
Educating Citizens in a Multicultural Society, Second Edition
J AMES A. B ANKS
Culture, Literacy, and Learning
C AROL D. L EE
Facing Accountability in Education
C HRISTINE E. S LEETER , E D .
Talkin Black Talk
H. S AMY A LIM AND J OHN B AUGH , E DS .
Improving Access to Mathematics
N AILAH S UAD N ASIR AND P AUL C OBB , E DS .
To Remain an Indian
K. T SIANINA L OMAWAIMA AND T ERESA L. M C C ARTY
Education Research in the Public Interest
G LORIA L ADSON -B ILLINGS AND W ILLIAM F. T ATE , E DS .
Multicultural Strategies for Education and Social Change
A RNETHA F. B ALL
Beyond the Big House
G LORIA L ADSON -B ILLINGS
Teaching and Learning in Two Languages
E UGENE E. G ARCA
Improving Multicultural Education
C HERRY A. M C G EE B ANKS
Education Programs for Improving Inter group Relations
W ALTER G. S TEPHAN AND W. P AUL V OGT , E DS .
City Schools and the American Dream
P EDRO A. N OGUERA
Thriving in the Multicultural Classroom
M ARY D ILG
Educating Teachers for Diversity
J ACQUELINE J ORDAN I RVINE
Teaching Democracy
W ALTER C. P ARKER
The Makingand Remakingof a Multiculturalist
C ARLOS E. C ORTS
Transforming the Multicultural Education of Teachers
M ICHAEL V AVRUS
Learning to Teach for Social Justice
L INDA D ARLING -H AMMOND , J ENNIFER F RENCH , AND S ILVIA P ALOMA G ARCIA -L OPEZ , E DS .
Culture, Difference, and Power, Revised Edition
C HRISTINE E. S LEETER
Learning and Not Learning English
G UADALUPE V ALDS
The Children Are Watching
C ARLOS E. C ORTS
Multicultural Education, Transformative Knowledge, and Action
J AMES A. B ANKS , E D .
Is Everyone Really Equal?
An Introduction to Key Concepts in Social Justice Education
SECOND EDITION
zlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo
Published by Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027
Copyright 2017 by Teachers College, Columbia University
Cover design by Katherine Streeter.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. For reprint permission and other subsidiary rights requests, please contact Teachers College Press, Rights Dept.:
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available at loc.gov
ISBN: 978-0-8077-5861-8 (paper)
ISBN: 978-0-8077-7617-9 (ebook)
To all those whose shoulders we stand on and lean onmay ours be as steady for the next generation.
Series Foreword
Since publication of the first edition of this visionary, practical, and engaging book, a number of events around the world have stimulated the rise of xenophobia, institutionalized racism, and the quest for social cohesion and nationalism (Banks, 2017). These events include the migration of Syrian and other refugees to European nations and the xenophobic responses they evoked as well as the populist revolts that resulted in the 2016 passage of the Brexit referendum in England to leave the European Union (Erlanger, 2017). The election of Donald Trump as President of the United States in 2016 and the popularity of Marine Le Pen in France and other right-wing politicians in European nations are also manifestations of the resurgence of neoliberalism and the pushback on social justice in nations around the world. The election and rising popularity of conservative politicians have led to an increase in reported Anti-Semitic and Islamophobic attacks in the United States and other nations. Reported attacks and threats on Jewish centers increased significantly after Trump won the presidential election in 2016 (Haberman & Chokshi, 2017). Reported harassment and attacks on Muslims in the United States increased after Trump issued an executive order on January 27, 2017 that banned immigrants from seven predominantly Muslim nations (Chokshi & Fandos 2017; Shear & Cooper, 2017).