Arthur William Thompson - The Uncertain Crusade: America and the Russian Revolution of 1905
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The Uncertain Crusade: America and the Russian Revolution of 1905
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The Uncertain Crusade; : America and the Russian Revolution of 1905
author
:
Thompson, Arthur William.; Hart, Robert A.
publisher
:
University of Massachusetts Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0870230565
print isbn13
:
9780870230561
ebook isbn13
:
9780585258850
language
:
English
subject
United States--Relations--Russia, Russia--Relations--United States, Russia--History--Revolution, 1905-1907, Russia--Foreign public opinion, American.
publication date
:
1970
lcc
:
E183.8.R9T5eb
ddc
:
301.29/47/073
subject
:
United States--Relations--Russia, Russia--Relations--United States, Russia--History--Revolution, 1905-1907, Russia--Foreign public opinion, American.
Page iii
The Uncertain Crusade
America and the Russian Revolution of 1905
Arthur W. Thompson & Robert A. Hart
Page iv
Copyright 1970 by the University of Massachusetts Press All Rights Reserved Standard Book Number 87023-056-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-96707 Set in Primer and Melior types and printed in the United States of America by The Book Press Designed by Richard Hendel
Page v
Preface
Among the many reform movements of America's Progressive Era, none was more energetically undertaken than democratization of Russia. In early 1905 newspaper editors in every section of the country were calling for crusades against Nicholas II. Church congregations heard bellicose sermons, then sang "Onward, Christian Soldiers." Young men volunteered to cross the ocean and fight the Cossacks. Citizens' committees raised money to support revolution in Russia and collected signatures on petitions which demanded of President Theodore Roosevelt a wide assortment of diplomatic and military actions against the Tsar.
The fanfare of commitment was so shrill that it could be heard in Russia's peasant villages, workers' slums, and Jewish ghettos, where people came to believe that help was on the way.
Unfortunately for the hopes of revolutionaries, theirs was a passing vogue. Within a single year American enthusiasm gave way to doubt, disillusionment, and finally to outright hostility. This study presents several aspects of that shift from one extreme to another, a reversal manifestly apparent by the end of 1905, when it became the subject of many a heated comment both in Russia and in the United States.
Page vi
Fund-raising drives faltered, as did other programs which had been undertaken in the name of Russian reforms. Public derision replaced the adulation that had greeted revolutionary emissaries earlier in the year. While the present authors have not attempted a detailed study of public opinionseeking instead to examine several aspects of America's response to Russian eventsthey have noted a definite shift in the editorial opinion of general-circulation newspapers and magazines. Of fifty-six such publications consulted, forty-nine favored the revolution in January 1905; and by the end of the year, forty-two of the forty-nine had altered their position to one of opposition.
After their cause failed, disappointed Russian revolutionaries selected the United States as a target for scornful comment. Criticism from Russia was viewed as ironic and grossly unfair, for Americans believed that they had surpassed the people of all other nations in praising the revolution and in promising to support it, and they should be given credit for having meant well, even though their enthusiasm had produced no practical results.
Why was the United States so despised in Russia? Newspapermen asked this question of Paul Miliukov, historian and disappointed revolutionary, when he visited New York in 1908. He spoke at length about the distribution of false hopes, hands of friendship offered then withdrawn, and language undisciplined by concern over its consequences. Russians who had believed the early promises quite naturally resented their nonfulfillment.
Some of Miliukov's interviewers inferred that he was criticizing America's ability to act, or even the courage of her people. Not so, the historian insisted. He said that he could respect any nation that chose to act, or not to act, in accordance with its own interests. He admitted that interests, from the viewpoint of the United States government, had not included involvement on the side of Russia's revolution. The problem lay in the making, not the breaking, of the promise. The former had been avoidable, the latter not.
Page vii
Democratic idealism, Puritan intensity, romanticism, sentimentalism, moralism, evangelism, sense of mission, crusaders' zeallabels abound as modern historians try to explain why verbal overcommitment has become an American diplomatic tradition. To the numerous affairs that have illustrated this unfortunate tradition may be added the response of the United States to the Russian revolution of 1905.
I was not acquainted with Professor Arthur W. Thompson, of the University of Florida, who died shortly after having finished research on America's response to the 1905 revolution. It was my good fortune to have been invited to write a book based upon this extensive research, and I can only hope that the result would have pleased Professor Thompson. I am most grateful to Mrs. Irene Thompson for giving me the opportunity to complete her husband's work, and to Professor Howard H. Quint, of the University of Massachusetts Department of History, for valuable advice touching several areas of the study. I also wish to thank the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities, Washington, D.C., for a grant in behalf of this work.
The authors are also indebted to Mrs. Mary G. Siegel, for translations from Russian and Yiddish newspapers, and to others who aided Professor Thompson in his research: Mr. Norman Thomas and Mrs. Vladimir Woytinsky for interviews; Mr. Upton Sinclair and Mr. Morris D. Waldman for correspondence; staffs of the National Archives, the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, numerous public and private repositories of papers; and publishers who permitted quotations from Vladimir S. Woytinsky's
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