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Clara Sue Kidwell - Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818-1918

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    Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818-1918
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    University of Oklahoma Press
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The present-day Choctaw communities in central Mississippi are a tribute to the ability of the Indian people both to adapt to new situations and to find refuge against the outside world through their uniqueness. Clara Sue Kidwell, whose great-great-grandparents migrated from Mississippi to Indian Territory along the Trail of Tears in 1830, here tells the story of those Choctaws who chose not to move but to stay behind in Mississippi.As Kidwell shows, their story is closely interwoven with that of the missionaries who established the first missions in the area in 1818. While the U.S. government sought to civilize Indians through the agency of Christianity, many Choctaw tribal leaders in turn demanded education from Christian missionaries. The missionaries allied themselves with these leaders, mostly mixed-bloods; in so doing, the alienated themselves from the full-blood elements of the tribe and thus failed to achieve widespread Christian conversion and education. Their failure contributed to the growing arguments in Congress and by Mississippi citizens that the Choctaws should be move to the West and their territory opened to white settlement.The missionaries did establish literacy among the Choctaws, however, with ironic consequences. Although the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830 compelled the Choctaws to move west, its fourteenth article provided that those who wanted to remain in Mississippi could claim land as individuals and stay in the state as private citizens. The claims were largely denied, and those who remained were often driven from their lands by white buyers, yet the Choctaws maintained their communities by clustering around the few men who did get title to lands, by maintaining traditional customs, and by continuing to speak the Choctaw language. Now Christian missionaries offered the Indian communities a vehicle for survival rather than assimilation.

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title Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi 1818-1918 author - photo 1

title:Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818-1918
author:Kidwell, Clara Sue.
publisher:University of Oklahoma Press
isbn10 | asin:080612914X
print isbn13:9780806129143
ebook isbn13:9780806171470
language:English
subjectChoctaw Indians--History--19th century, Choctaw Indians--Missions, Choctaw Indians--Government relations, Missionaries--Mississippi--History--19th century, Mississippi--History--19th century.
publication date:1995
lcc:E99.C8K53 1995eb
ddc:976.2/004973
subject:Choctaw Indians--History--19th century, Choctaw Indians--Missions, Choctaw Indians--Government relations, Missionaries--Mississippi--History--19th century, Mississippi--History--19th century.
Page iii
Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 18181918
By Clara Sue Kidwell
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS : NORMAN AND LONDON
Page iv
Book design by Bill Cason.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kidwell, Clara Sue.
Choctaws and missionaries in Mississippi, 18181918 / by Clara
Sue Kidwell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8061-2691-4 (hardcover)
ISBN 0-8061-2914-X (paperback)
I. Choctaw IndiansHistory19th century. 2. Choctaw Ind
iansMissions. 3. Choctaw IndiansGovernment relations. 4. Mis
sionariesMississippiHistory19th century. 5. MississippiHis
tory19th century. I. Title.
E99.C8K53 1995
976.2'004973dc20Picture 2Picture 3Picture 4Picture 594-30374
Picture 6Picture 7Picture 8Picture 9Picture 10Picture 11CIP
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc. Picture 12
Copyright 1995 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page v
Contents
Preface
ix
Introduction
xiii
1. In the Beginning
3
2. Civilization and the Choctaws
15
3. The First Coming
29
4. The Progress of Civilization, 182124
50
5. Conversion and Change
69
6. Years of Crisis, 182426
92
7. The Final Stand
116
8. The Choctaws in Mississippi after 1830
159
9. Religion, Racism, and Identity
176
10. The Second Removal
184
Epilogue
199
Notes
203
Bibliography
239
Index
267

Page vii
Illustrations
1. He Who Puts Out and Kills
147
2. Allen Wright
148
3. Man in Costume with Ball Sticks
149
4. Cyrus Byington
150
5. Israel Folsom
151
6. Peter Folsom
152
7. Drinks the Juice of the Stone
153
8. Mississippi Choctaw group
154
9. Pushmataha
155
10. Fat Tom in Costume with Ball Sticks
156
11. Gilbert Webster Thompson family
157
12. William Ketcham and Victor Locke
158
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