OECD - Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2019
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OECD (2019), Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2019 , OECD Publishing, Paris.
https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_aag-2019-en
Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific , the OECDs overview of social indicators for the region, addresses the growing demand for quantitative evidence on social well-being and its trends across countries in Asia and the Pacific.
each present 5 indicators on general context, selfsufficiency, equity, health and social cohesion.
A previous draft of this report was discussed at the annual meeting of social policy experts organised by the OECD/Korea policy centre in Seoul on 18- and 19 October 2018. The draft benefitted from comments by the different experts including: Ashish Kumar Aggarwal (India); Shaikh Shamsuddin Ahmed (Bangladesh); Florence Bonnet (ILO); Enkhtsetseg Byambaa (Mongolia); Sri Wening Handayani (ADB); Jai-Joon Hur (Korea); Dohyung Kim (Korea); Norma Binti Mansor (Malaysia); Hina Shaikh (Pakistan); Junko Takezawa (Japan); Turro Wongkaren (Indosnesia); and, Suk-myung Yun (Korea).
This report was prepared by Willem Adema, Pauline Fron, and Eunkyung Shin. Peter Whiteford (Australia National University) prepared parts of . We are grateful for comments on previous drafts by Daniel Alonso Soto, Mark Pearson, Monika Queisser, Stefano Scarpetta, Stefan Thewissen, and the many other colleagues who provided assistance including Liv Gudmundson, Lucy Hulett, Anna Irvin Sigal and Fatima Perez.
The on-line version of this publication, including all figures and data, can be accessed via http://oe.cd/sag-asia .
Armenia | ARM |
Azerbaijan | AZE |
Bangladesh | BGD |
Bhutan | BTN |
Brunei Darussalam | BRN |
Cambodia | KHM |
China | CHN |
Fiji | FJI |
Hong Kong, China | HKG |
India | IND |
Indonesia | IDN |
Kazakhstan | KAZ |
Korea Democratic Peoples Republic (hereafter Korea DPR) | PRK |
Kyrgyz Republic | KGZ |
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (hereafter Lao PDR) | LAO |
Macau, China | MAC |
Malaysia | MYS |
Maldives | MDV |
Mongolia | MNG |
Myanmar | NMR |
Nepal | NPL |
Pakistan | PAK |
Papua New Guinea | PNG |
Philippines | PHL |
Samoa | WSM |
Singapore | SGP |
Sri Lanka | LKA |
Tajikistan | TJK |
Thailand | THA |
Timor-Leste | TLS |
Tonga | TON |
Viet Nam | VNM |
Australia | AUS |
Japan | JPN |
Korea | KOR |
New Zealand | NZL |
Asia/Pacific refers to all countries for which data are shown, including OECD members Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand when relevant.
.. or n.a: Not available.
() in the legend relates to the variable for which countries are ranked from left to right in decreasing order.
() in the legend relates to the variable for which countries are ranked from left to right in increasing order.
Society at a Glance Asia/Pacific 2019 presents 25 key indicators on general socio-economic context, self-sufficiency, equity, health and social cohesion for 36 countries and territories in Asia and the Pacific. The report also includes a chapter focusing on the issues associated to the extension of coverage and the future of social protection in the region.
Over the 2013-2017 period, countries in the region grew at 4.4% on average in real terms. For comparison, this is twice as high as the OECD average. Substantial economic growth across Asia and the Pacific over the past 10 years has contributed to a decline in absolute poverty as the share of people with incomes below USD 1.9 per day has almost halved to 6.0%. Nevertheless, income inequality remains high, the Gini coefficient on income inequality is around 0.36 on average in Asia and Pacific countries as compared with 0.32 in the OECD area.
Social protection systems are underdeveloped in most countries of the region. Public social expenditure across Asia and the Pacific was just 7% of GDP in 2015, compared with 21% of GDP on average in the OECD countries. Furthermore, the redistributive power of social spending is limited as most of it concerns payments to (former) workers with a formal employment contract a group that is relatively well-off compared to those in the informal sector. The differences in social spending levels between the Asia/Pacific region and the OECD are mirrored in different tax revenues: In Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand the tax-to-GDP ratio ranged from 26 to 33%, while in Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand they were between 12 and 18% in 2016.
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