Christopher McGrory Klyza - Who controls public lands?: mining, forestry, and grazing policies, 1870-1990
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Who controls public lands?: mining, forestry, and grazing policies, 1870-1990
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In this historical and comparative study, Christopher McGrory Klyza explores why land-management policies in mining, forestry, and grazing have followed different paths and explains why public-lands policy in general has remained virtually static over time. According to Klyza, understanding the different philosophies that gave rise to each policy regime is crucial to reforming public-lands policy in the future. Klyza begins by delineating how prevailing policy philosophies over the course of the last century have shaped each of the three land-use patterns he discusses. In mining, the model was economic liberalism, which mandated privatization of public lands; in forestry, it was technocratic utilitarianism, which called for government ownership and management of land; and in grazing, it was interest-group liberalism, in which private interests determined government policy. Each of these philosophies held sway in the years during which policy for that particular resource was formed, says Klyza, and continues to animate it even today.
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The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill and London
title
:
Who Controls Public Lands? : Mining, Forestry, and Grazing Policies, 1870-1990
author
:
Klyza, Christopher McGrory.
publisher
:
University of North Carolina Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0807822647
print isbn13
:
9780807822647
ebook isbn13
:
9780807862537
language
:
English
subject
Public lands--Government policy--United States--History, Mineral lands--Government policy--United States--History, Forest policy--United States--History, Range policy--United States--History, Public lands--United States--Management--History.
publication date
:
1996
lcc
:
HD216.K55 1996eb
ddc
:
333.1/0973
subject
:
Public lands--Government policy--United States--History, Mineral lands--Government policy--United States--History, Forest policy--United States--History, Range policy--United States--History, Public lands--United States--Management--History.
Page iv
1996 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klyza, Christopher McGrory Who controls public lands?: mining, forestry, and grazing policies, 1870-1990 / Christopher McGrory Klyza. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0-8078-2264-7 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-8078-4567-1 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Public landsGovernment policyUnited StatesHistory. 2. Mineral landsGovernment policyUnited StatesHistory. 3. Forest policyUnited StatesHistory. 4. Range policyUnited StatesHistory. 5. Public landsUnited StatesManagementHistory I. Title.
HD2I6.K55 1996 95-23352 3 3 3.1 '0973dc2o CIP
00 99 98 97 96
5 4 3 2 1
Page v
TO SHEILA AND MY PARENTS
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
xi
ONE
Public-Lands Puzzles
1
TWO
The Ideas: Competing Conceptions of the Public Interest
11
THREE
Mining and the Land: Minerals as the Ultimate Resource
27
FOUR
Managing the Nation's Forests: The Market, Science, or Morality?
67
FIVE
Managing the Nation's Grazing Lands: Beef, Wool, Grass, and Politics
109
SIX
Explaining the Past, Speculating about the Future
141
Notes
161
Bibliography
187
Index
205
Page ix
TABLES
1. Federal Public-Land Availability for Hard-Rock Mineral Development, 1975
49
2. Division of Forestry/Bureau of Forestry/Forest Service, Budget and Employees, Fiscal Years 1899-1908
74
3. Proposed Forest Service Parcels for Disposal, by State
104
4. Administrative Capacities of the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service, by Fiscal Year
125
5. Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service Grazing Fees, 1935-1985
128
6. Quality of Bureau of Land Management Rangelands, for Selected Years
136
7. Ideas, the State, and Policy Patterns in Public-Lands Politics
142
Page xi
PREFACE
Having grown up in the East, I thought of the public lands as places like the Grand Canyon, Yellowstone, and Yosemite, places of extraordinary beauty located in the West. As I learned more about themand I realized that these lands were more than national parksI became more intrigued. My interest in these lands crystallized the summer after graduating from college. Before starting graduate school in natural resources policy, I took a two-month drive through the western United States and Canada. Indeed, in some ways my drive was not unlike the one described in "Conservation Esthetic," an essay by Aldo Leopold: "Everywhere is the unspecialized motorist whose recreation is mileage, who has run the gamut of the National Parks in one summer." However, that drive gave me a focus for my graduate work, a focus that continues to this day. My interest began with a question: Why is it that in the nation most committed ideologically and empirically to free-market capitalism, the federal government owns nearly one-third of the land? As I read and learned more about the public lands, I became fascinated with the complicated history of public-lands policy and the myriad of agencies devised to manage these lands. The public lands have played a significant role in the history of the United States, especially in the West, and I think they will continue to play a crucial role in our society. It is on these lands that we must find a new balance in the relationship between humans and nature. It is here that we have the best chance of maintaining and restoring the biological diversity of the country. If as a society we fail on these public lands, it is hard to be optimistic about our ability to succeed on private lands. I still live in the East (unlike most analysts of the public lands), and I have learned that the public lands are not exclusively a western phenomenon. In fact, I can see public landthe Green Mountain National Forestfrom the windows of my home in Bristol, Vermont.
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