Alexander Leidholdt - Standing before the shouting mob: Lenoir Chambers and Virginias massive resistance to public-school integration
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Standing before the shouting mob: Lenoir Chambers and Virginias massive resistance to public-school integration
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Standing Before the Shouting Mob : Lenoir Chambers and Virginia's Massive Resistance to Public-school Integration
author
:
Leidholdt, Alexander.
publisher
:
University of Alabama Press
isbn10 | asin
:
081730858X
print isbn13
:
9780817308582
ebook isbn13
:
9780585281278
language
:
English
subject
School integration--Virginia--History, Chambers, Lenoir,--1891-1970--Views on school integration, Journalists--Virginia--Biography.
publication date
:
1997
lcc
:
LC214.22.V8L45 1997eb
ddc
:
370.19/344/09755
subject
:
School integration--Virginia--History, Chambers, Lenoir,--1891-1970--Views on school integration, Journalists--Virginia--Biography.
Page iii
Standing Before the Shouting Mob
Lenoir Chambers and Virginia's Massive Resistance to Public-School Integration
Alexander Leidholdt
Page iv
Copyright 1997 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencePermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Leidholdt, Alexander. Standing before the shouting mob: Lenoir Chambers and Virginia's massive resistance to public-school integration / Alexander Leidholdt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161) and index. ISBN 0-8173-0858-X (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. School integrationVirginiaHistory. 2. Chambers, Lenoir, 18911970Views on school integration. 3. JournalistsVirginiaBiograph: I. Title. LC214.22.V8L45 1997 370.19'344'09755dc20 96-19043
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available
Page v
To my mother and father: for their love.
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
1 Closing of the Schools
1
2 Divergent Views
4
3 Lenoir Chambers: The Formative Years
11
4 The Emergence of an Editor
18
5 A Fish Out of His Pond
26
6 Liberal Journalism in the South
29
7 Chambers as Editor of the Virginian-Pilot
41
8 Norfolk: The Setting for a Conflict
55
9 The Issue of the Century
64
10 Legislative Ploys
71
11 The Resistance in Norfolk
86
Page viii
12 Advocacy for Reopening the Schools
95
13 A City Divided and Beleaguered
102
14 The Turning of the Tide
118
15 The Influence of Lenoir Chambers
127
16 Epilogue: The Editor and the Schools
135
Notes
139
Bibliography
161
Index
167
Page ix
Preface
This book examines the life of the Norfolk Virginian-Pilot's editorial-page editor Lenoir Chambers, with particular emphasis on the role he played in influencing public opinion during Virginia's "massive resistance" to public-school integration. The book also attempts to fill a historical vacuum with a detailed account of the exemplary journalism practiced by the major southern newspaper he edited at a critical time in our nation's history and the impact of that paper's stance on the resolution of a bitter controversy.
This study also examines a pivotal moment in our nation's racial history. The peaceful reopening of Norfolk's public schools portended the collapse of Virginia's massive resistance and considerably advanced the momentum of the civil rights movement on a national level.
In 1958 the nation's attention was focused on Virginia. In an attempt to stymie judicially mandated integration, Virginia's Governor J. Lindsay Almond, supported by the powerful political machine of United States Senator Harry Flood Byrd, Sr., ordered Norfolk, Charlottesville, and tiny Warren County to close their public schools. During the previous year, mob violence had erupted when the Little Rock, Arkansas, school board had unsuccessfully attempted to comply with the Supreme Court's decision in
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