Paul Fagette - Digging for dollars: American archaeology and the New Deal
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Digging for dollars: American archaeology and the New Deal
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This volume explores the creation of archaeology as a modern professional science through cooperation with state and federal governments during the Great Depression. New Deal relief programs and money offered American archaeologists, loosely organized before the 1930s, a unique opportunity to expand their ranks and to practice their science. They formed professional organizations, defined and refined their science, standardized training programs, developed organizational leadership, and created effective political organs. The first part of Digging for Dollars discusses the relationship of archaeology to the government and academia, while the second part explores the practice of archaeology across the wide spectrum of state and federal relief programs. The author demonstrates how archaeologys close ties to government agencies both stimulated and hamstrung its professional and scientific development.
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Digging for Dollars : American Archaeology and the New Deal
author
:
Fagette, Paul.
publisher
:
University of New Mexico
isbn10 | asin
:
0826317219
print isbn13
:
9780826317216
ebook isbn13
:
9780585161631
language
:
English
subject
Archaeology and state--United States--History--20th century, New Deal, 1933-1939.
publication date
:
1996
lcc
:
CC101.U6F34 1996eb
ddc
:
331.13/77/097309043
subject
:
Archaeology and state--United States--History--20th century, New Deal, 1933-1939.
Page II
Digging for Dollars
American Archaeology and the New Deal
Paul Fagette
University of New Mexico Albuquerque
Page III
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fagette, Paul. Digging for dollars: American archaeology and the New Deal / Paul Fagette. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8263-1721-9 1. Archaeology and stateUnited StatesHistory20th century. 2. New Deal, 19331939. I. Title. CC101.U6F34 1996 331.13'77'097309043dc20 95-41727 CIP
1996 by the University of New Mexico Press
All rights reserved. FIRST EDITION
Designed by Susan M. Walsh
Page IV
This book is dedicated to my late nephew Calvin W. Van Aman. He will live forever in the memory of those who love him.
Page VII
Contents
Acknowledgments
IX
Introduction
XI
Prologue Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Governmental Scientific Institutions
XVII
Chapter 1 Political Institutions and Prelude to the New Deal, 19151932
1
Chapter 2 Civil Works Administration: The Initial Relief Institutional Framework
19
Chapter 3 Federal Emergency Relief Administration: A Year of Cooperative Transition
59
Chapter 4 Works Progress Administration: A New Organizational Environment
83
Chapter 5 Relief Archaeology: Practice and Political Consolidation
97
Conclusion
123
Epilogue
129
Page VIII
Appendix 1 FERA: Private and Other Measures
133
Appendix 2 Further WPA Work: Institutional Transformation
139
Notes
161
Bibliography
199
Index
219
Illustrations
71
Map: New Deal Relief Archeology
81
Page IX
Acknowledgments
The author has drawn upon the talents and the support of many people through the years for this book. My mentors at the University of California, Riverside, patiently guided me through a wonderful graduate experience. My parents and family were a source of never-ending support. My wife, Connie, has always believed in me and for that I am grateful. Others gave strength through friendship. My thanks goes out to you all.
A note of appreciation goes to the staff of the University of New Mexico Press. Editor Durwood Ball has been supportive and cooperative through the entire publishing process. He believed in my work and gave me the chance. Reviewers who gave thoughtful criticism deserve mention as well.
A special acknowledgment goes to Agnese Lindley for her generous financial and spiritual support over the years. This great lady, and Emil Haury, made possible much of what has been accomplished here.
Other financial support was obtained from the University of California Chancellor's Patent Fund and Graduate Humanities grants, as well as from the National Science Foundation.
Page XI
Introduction
Between 1880 and 1920 the modern American university was integrated into American society as the central training ground for professionals engaged in business, government, and intellectual pursuits. Similarly, the system of higher education increasingly influenced the composition of the federal work force, particularly as the civil service system expanded. Education and expertise, rather than one's political affiliation, became the primary criteria for employment. Concurrently, academics found it necessary to become more politically sensitive if they were to influence government policy, maintain standards, and protect interests.
By the twentieth century, a host of academic disciplines had discovered greater opportunities for research through networking more closely with the U.S. government. Economic, legal/constitutional, banking, and agricultural experts quickly answered the call from Washington. During and after each World War and the Depression, more specialists entered the bureaucratic fold. Throughout and following World War II, to cite one notable example, the physical sciences prospered. Unprecedented sums of money were funneled into military research and development for the Manhattan Project and the Atomic Energy Commission's weapons production programs. In another setting, sociologists and psychologists affirmed their intellectual legitimacy and value, as the country recognized the degenerative effects of racial discrimination, particularly after the
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