James J. Lorence - The suppression of Salt of the earth: how Hollywood, big labor, and politicians blacklisted a movie in Cold War America

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title	:	The Suppression of Salt of the Earth : How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America
author	:	Lorence, James J.
publisher	:	University of New Mexico
isbn10 | asin	:	0826320279
print isbn13	:	9780826320278
ebook isbn13	:	9780585179131
language	:	English
subject	Salt of the earth (Motion picture)
publication date	:	1999
lcc	:	PN1997.S14L67 1999eb
ddc	:	791.43/72
subject	:	Salt of the earth (Motion picture)

Page iii The Suppression of Salt of the Earth How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted A Movie in Cold War America James J. Lorence The University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque

Page iv 1999 by the University of New Mexico Press. All rights reserved. FIRST EDITION Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lorence, James J. The suppression of Salt of the Earth: how Hollywood, big labor, and politicians blacklisted a movie in cold war America / James J. Lorence. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8263-2027-9 (CL : alk. paper) ISBN 0-8263-2028-7 (Pa : alk. paper) 1. Salt of the Earth (Motion picture) I. Title. PN1997.S14 L67 1999 791.43'72 dc21 98-58036 CIP

Page v For the women and men of Local 890

Page vii Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter One Cold War America: The Great Fear Comes Home 1 Chapter Two Cold War Unionism: The Isolation of Mine-Mill and the Empire Zinc Strike 19 Chapter Three A Chance Meeting and the Birth of an Idea: Origins of Salt of the Earth 47 Chapter Four Making History on Film: Production Problems and Conservative Reaction 65 Chapter Five Preparing for Battle: Planning for Distribution 91 Chapter Six The Suppression of Salt of the Earth: Inter-Union Conflict and External Pressures 113 Chapter Seven Another Chance: Overseas Markets and Domestic Limitations 149 Chapter Eight Legacies: The Consequences of Suppression 171 Epilogue: An Afterthought: What Kind of Film Was This? 195 Appendix 1: Howard Hughes Letter, March 18, 1953 205 Appendix 2: Members of the Motion Picture Industry Council 209 Abbreviations 211

Page viii Notes 213 Bibliography 255 Index 273

Page ix Preface Forty years ago, when I prepared for a career as a historian, a seasoned scholar of the old school proclaimed to an introductory methods class that "history is literature." Only a few years earlier, the men and women of International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers Local 890 were making their own history in a dispute with the Empire Zinc Corporation that challenged the pattern of economic and social discrimination against Mexican-Americans in the Southwest. It was not until 1987 that I became aware of their struggle and its ramifications for the advancement of human equality and civil liberties in Cold War America. A cursory examination of the Herbert Biberman Gale Sondergaard Papers at the State Historical Society of Wisconsin opened my eyes to a story with all the twists and turns of a classic detective novel. In the present study I assume the role of historian as storyteller. The production and suppression of Salt of the Earth involve a tale worth telling.

Page xi Acknowledgments This book would not have been possible without the financial support of many institutions and foundations. Travel to distant manuscript repositories was underwritten by grants from the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Institute on Race and Ethnicity, University of Wisconsin-Marathon County Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. At a critical point in the project's early stages, a University of Wisconsin Colleges and University of Wisconsin-Madison research grant from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Graduate School enabled me to spend a summer at the University of Wisconsin Institute for Research in the Humanities, where a preliminary draft of the manuscript took shape. I am grateful to the Institute and the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of History for the endorsement that brought me to Madison for this work. Finally, the University of Wisconsin Colleges provided a sabbatical leave, which was also supported by a generous fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Together, these grants afforded me the precious time for uninterrupted research and writing that resulted in the completion of the final draft of the manuscript.

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